U.  S  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION   OF  ENTOMOLOGY — BULLETIN  NO.  31,  NE\^' SERIES. 

L.  O.  HOWARD,  Chief  of  Division.  '  / 


PROCEED!  XQs 

OF  THE 

THIRTEENTH  ANNUAL  MEETING 

OF  THE 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTINU 

1  9  0  2 . 


OFFICEo 


DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 


Entomologist:  L.  O.  Howard. 

First  Assistant  Entomologist:  C.  L.  Marlatt. 

Assistant  Entomologists:  Th.  Pergande,  F.  H.  Chittenden,  Nathan  Banks. 
Investigators:  E.  A.  Schwarz,  D.  W.  Coquillett,  W.  D.  Hunter,  C.  B.  Simpson. 
Apiarian:  Frank  Benton. 

Assistants:  R.  S.  Clifton,  F.  C.  Pratt,  Aug.  Busck,  Otto  Heidemann,  A.  N.  Caudell, 

J.  Kotinsky. 
Artist:  Miss  L.  Sullivan. 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

DIVISION    OF   ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN   NO.    31,   NEW  SERIES. 


L.  O.   HOWARD,  Chief  of  Division. 


PROCEEDINGS 

Of  THE 

THIRTEENTH  ANNUAL  MEETING 

OF  THE 

ASSOCIATION  OF  ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGISTS 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING  OFFICE, 

L9  02. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Entomology, 
Washington,  D.  C. ,  December  S,  1901. 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  the  manuscript  of  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Thirteenth  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Association  of 
Economic  Entomologists,  which  was  held  at  Denver,  Colo. ,  August  23 
and  24,  1901.    From  the  fact  that  the  papers  presented  at  the  meet- 
ings of  the  Association  are  always  of  great  economic  importance,  the 
Department  has  hitherto  published  the  secretary's  reports  as  bulletins 
of  this  Division ;  I  therefore  recommend  the  publication  of  the  present 
report  as  Bulletin  No.  31,  new  series. 
Respectfully, 

L.  O.  Howard,  Entomologist. 

Hon.  James  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

•> 


CONTEXTS. 


Page. 

Life  History  Studies  on  the  Codling  Moth    C.  P.  Gillette. .  5 

The  Hessian  Fly  in  New  York  State  in  1901  E.  P.  Felt. .  22 

Jarring  for  the  Curculio  on  an  Extensive  Scale  in  Georgia,  with  a  List  of 

the  Insects  Caught  (illustrated)   W.  M.  Scott  and  W.  F.  Fiske. .  24 

A  Simple  Form  of  Accessions  Catalogue  E.  D.  Ball..  37 

A  Preliminary  Report  on  the  San  Jose  Scale  in  Japan  C.  L.  Marlatt..  41 

Further  Notes  on  Crude  Petroleum  and  other  Insecticides  E.  P.  Felt..  49 

Notes  on  Some  Colorado  Insects    C.  P.  Gillette..  51 

A  Preliminary  Note  on  a  New  Species  of  Aphis  Injurious  to  Peaches  and 

Plums  in  Georgia  (illustrated)     W.  31.  Scott. .  56 

Insects  Detrimental  and  Destructive  to  Forest  Products  used  for  Construc- 
tion Material      A.  D.  Hopkins..  60 

Observations  on  Forest  and  Shade  Tree  Insects  in  New  York  State  .E.  P.  Felt. .  63 

Review  of  White-Fly  Investigations,  with  Incidental  Problems  .   

    ...    ..H.  A.  Gossard..  68 

Hydrocyanic  Acid  Gas  Notes  Chas.  P.  Lounsbury  and  C.  W.  Molly. .  75 

The  use  of  Hydrocyanic  Acid  Gas  for  Exterminating  Household  Insects.-. 

    W.  JR.  Beattie..  80 

Insects  of  the  Year  in  Ohio  .  F.  31.  Webster*  and  Wilmon  Neicell..  84 

Fruit  Seriously  Injured  by  Moths.   C.  W.  Mally. .  90 

Notes  on  Four  Imported  Pests    A.  H.  Kirkland..  93 

Drought,  Heat,  and  Insect  Life.  3Iary  E.  Murtfeldt..  97 

List  of  Members  of  the  Association  of  Economic  Entomologists  ..  101 

3 


I  L  LUST  RATIONS. 


PLATES. 

Page. 


Plate   I.  Curculio  sang  at  work  with  sheets  and  bumpers  in  orchard  at 

Fort  Valley,  Ga         24 

II.  Curculio  gang  at  work  in  the  Hale  orchard,  Fort  Valley,  Ga   24 

TEXT  FIGURES. 

Fig,  1.  Aphis  n.  sp:  stein  mother  on  peach  and  plum  in  Georgia,  much 

enlarged     .   56 

2.  Aphis  n.  sp:  winged  form  on  peach  and  plum  in  Georgia,  much 

enlarged         57 

3.  Aphis  n.  sp:  adult  from  winged  form,  much  enlarged    58 

4.  Aphis  n.  sp:  wingless  form,  fourth  generation,  fourth  stage,  much 

enlarged     59 

4 


THIRTEENTH  ANNUAL  MEETING  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION  OF 
ECONOMIC  ENTOMOLOGISTS. 


MORNING  SESSION,  FRIDAY,  AUGUST  23,  1901.  ' 

The  Association  met  in  room  No.  3,  Denver  High  School  Building, 
Denver,  Colo.,  at  10  a.  m.  August  23,  1901. 

The  following  members  were  in  attendance  at  the  sessions: 

William  H.  Ashmead,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Lawrence  Brunei*,  Lin- 
coln, Nebr. ;  E.  D.  Ball,  Fort  Collins,  Colo.;  A.  N.  Cauclell,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. ;  Richard  S.  Clifton,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell, 
Mesilla  Park,  N.  Mex. ;  E.  M.  Ehrhorn,  Mountainview,  Cal. ;  E.  P.  Felt, 
Albany,  N.  Y. ;  C.  P.  Gillette,  Fort  Collins,  Colo. ;  A.  D.  Hopkins, 
Morgantown,  W.  Va. ;  W.  J.  Holland,  Pittsburg,  Pa. ;  L.  O.  Howard, 
Washington,  D.  C. ;  W.  D.  Hunter,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Vernon  L. 
Kellogg,  Stanford  University,  Cal. ;  W.  M.  Scott,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

The  meeting  was  called  to  order  by  President  C.  P.  Gillette,  who 
announced  that  the  absence  of  Secretary  A.  L.  Quaintance  necessi- 
tated the  election  of  a  temporary  secretaiy.  Upon  motion  of  Dr. 
Howard,  W.  M.  Scott  was  elected. 

After  calling  Mr.  Hopkins  to  the  chair,  President  Gillette  delivered 
the  annual  address,  which  follows: 

LIFE  HISTORY  STUDIES  ON  THE  CODLING  MOTH. 

By  C.  P.  Gillette,  Fort  Collins,  Colo. 

Fellow- Workers  :  It  is  no  small  honor  that  you  confer  upon  Colo- 
rado in  coming  for  the  first  time  to  the.  Queen  City  of  the  West  at  the 
beginning  of  the  new  century— the  Utopian  century  for  all  true  sci- 
entific thought  and  the  highest  human  development.  Never  before 
have  }~ou  met  so  far  away  from  the  time-honored  centers  of  learning 
in  the  East.  To-da}'  we  are  met  at  the  very  feet  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains and  in  plain  view  of  their  eternal  snows,  which  give  freshness 
to  our  mountain  air  and  unite  the  waters  that  feed  the  two  oceans 
that  wash  our  shores.  You  have  not  come  in  search  of  health  or  pleas- 
ure, as  many  do,  but  in  the  interest  of  science,  whose  one  object  is  to 
search  out  the  abiding  truths  of  the  Creator,  and  that  branch  of  sci- 
ence which  has  for  its  object  to  make  "two  spears  of  grass  grow  where 
one  grew  before."  The  object  is  a  most  worthy  one.  May  our  ses- 
sions in  this  place  be  marked  with  an  unusual  degree  of  harmony  and 
enthusiasm,  which  shall  cause  each  to  return  to  his  field  of  labor  with 
a  new  and  deeper  interest  in  his  work. 

5 


6 


In  the  address  which  it  became  my  duty  to  deliver  before  this  asso- 
ciation one  year  ago  I  took  occasion  to  emphasize  the  importance  of 
more  life-history  study  and  a  greater  degree  of  cooperation  in  our 
work.  As  I  exhausted  my  store  of  good  advice  at  that  meeting,  and 
wish  to  seem  to  practice  what  I  preach,  I  have  concluded  to  offer  at 
this  time  the  results  of  some  life-history  studies  on  one  of  our  longest, 
if  not  best,  known  insects — the  codling  moth.  In  this  work  I  have 
received  much  kindly  assistance  from  members  of  this  Association  and 
others  who  have  answered  my  questions,  and  in  some  cases  hare  put 
themselves  to  considerable  trouble  to  collect  data  and  make  observa- 
tions for  me  in  their  several  localities. 

Probably  every  member  of  this  Association  has  been  disappointed 
and  surprised  many  times  at  finding  the  lack  of  positive  knowledge 
in  regard  to  certain  portions  of  the  life  habits  of  our  longest  known 
insect  pests.  It  is  not  necessary  to  discover  a  new  insect,  friend  or 
enemy,  in  order  to  do  good  original  work  of  the  highest  value. 

The  codling  moth  undoubtedly  causes  greater  annual  loss  in  Colo- 
rado than  any  other  insect,  unless  it  be  the  two-lined  locust  (Melano- 
plus  bivittatus).  Our  topographical  and  climatic  conditions,  with  the 
plains  in  the  east  and  the  mountains  in  the  wTest,  are  extremely  varied, 
and  there  is  a  popular  opinion  among  many  of  our  orchardists  that 
the  habits  of  the  codling  moth  in  Colorado  are  not  to  be  compared 
with  the  habits  of  the  same  insect  in  the  Eastern  portion  of  the  country. 
For  these  reasons,  chiefly,  my  studies  of  this  insect  began,  one  of  the 
main  objects  being  to  determine  whether  or  not  there  are  more  broods 
in  the  warmer  portions  of  the  State,  where  the  tenderer  fruits  are 
grown,  than  in  the  northern  parts  and  in  the  East.  In  some  ways 
this  report  will  be  one  of  progress  only,  as  the  work  is  not  completed. 

A  few  years  ago  we  were  telling  orchardists  that  the  codling  moth 
lays  its  eggs  in  the  calyces  of  the  apples,  and  we  might  have  been 
doing  so  yet  had  not  Washburn  corrected  us.  We  were  in  error,  and 
the  fruit  growers  know  it,  and  have  lost  confidence  to  some  extent  in 
the  correctness  of  our  statements.  They  do  not  know  but  what  we 
are  equally  liable  to  be  in  error  in  regard  to  any  other  matter  regarding 
the  life  habits  of  an  insect  where  our  statements  seem  to  them  doubt- 
ful or  mysterious.  I  can  not  help  wondering  if  some,  yes,  many  of 
us,  have  not  been  equally  careless  in  our  statements  as  to  the  number 
of  broods  of  the  codling  moth  in  our  several  States.  It  is  often  easier 
to  accept  the  opinion  of  another  than  to  verify  its  correctness.  To  be 
a  thorough  scientist  one  must  be  a  good  doubter,  or  at  least  questioner 
and  thinker.  Not  always  gainsaying  the  statements  of  others,  but 
always  ready  to  inquire  into  the  basis  of  belief  even  of  the  most 
stereotyped  ideas. 

Riley,1  knowing  there  existed  a  difference  of  opinion  as  to  the  num- 
ber of  broods  of  the  codling  moth  in  different  portions  of  the  coun- 
try, made  a  special  study  of  the  insect  in  Missouri,  and  announced, 


1  Third  Missouri  Rep.,  p.  103. 


7 


in  1872,  that  "At  all  events  this  insect  is  invariably  double-brooded 
in  the  latitude  of  St.  Louis,"  and  expressed  his  doubts  of  its  being 
single-brooded  in  New  England.  The  year  following  Le  Baron,1  in 
speaking  of  the  codling  moth,  says,  "It  is  universally  double  brooded 
at  the  West;  at  least,  in  all  parts  of  the  State  of  Illinois  and  farther 
south."  In  recent  years  we  have  had  the  number  of  broods  estimated 
by  different  entomologists,  in  various  parts  of  our  country,  all  the  way 
from  one  to  four,  with  variations  in  the  form  of  "partial  broods" 
t  hrown  in.  In  fact  it  has  almost  become  the  custom  to  announce  that 
in  one's  locality  the  codling  moth  is  one-brooded  with  a  partial  second, 
or  two-brooded  with  a  partial  third,  and  even  three-brooded  with  a 
partial  fourth.  So  far  as  my  experience  has  gone,  the  insects  with 
which  I  have  had  to  deal  have  been  very  uniform  in  the  number  of 
life -cycles  through  which  a  species  passes  during  a  year,  and  I  recall 
no  instance  in  my  experience  where  an  insect  normally  possessed  an 
annual  or  otherwise  regular  fractional  brood,  and  I  am  unable  to  find 
any  published  data  giving  strong  evidence  of  such  a  brood  of  the 
codling  moth  in  this  country,  except  that  from  Dr.  Smith,  published 
in  Entomological  News  (Vol.  V,  p.  284).  Dr.  Smith  was  unable  for 
several  years  in  succession  to  obtain  any  moths  of  the  second  brood 
in  his  breeding  cages,  though  wormy  apples  continued  to  appear  in 
the  orchards  in  September  and  October. 

In  a  recent  letter  from  Dr.  Smith  he  states  that  there  is  a  partial 
second  brood  of  the  codling  moth  at  New  Brunswick,  N.  J. ,  the  larvai  of 
which  attack,  chiefly,  pears  of  two  varieties — Kieffer  and  Japan 
Golden  Russet.  The  fact  that  at  least  a  partial  second  brood  occurs 
at  New  Brunswick  makes  me  wonder  if  two  full  broods  do  not  regularly 
occur  under  normal  conditions  in  the  orchard.  It  is  a  point  upon 
which  we  should  have  more  data  both  at  New  Brunswick  and  in  other 
northern  apple-growing  districts  where  it  has  been  supposed  less  than 
two  annual  broods  occur.  Larimer  County,  Colorado,  is  at  the  north- 
ern limit  of  successful  apple-growing  within  the  State,  yet  the  codling 
moth  appears  to  have  been  regularly  two-brooded  there  during  our 
studies  upon  its  life  history  for  the  past  three  years  at  least,  and  I 
have  been  able  to  find  no  adequate  evidence  of  even  a  partial  addi- 
tional brood  in  the  warmer  valleys  in  the  mountainous  districts, 
where  peaches,  apricots,  nectarines,  and  the  tender  varieties  of  Cali- 
fornia grapes  are  grown  to  perfection.  Inbreeding  large  numbers  of 
insects  of  any  species  it  is  not  surprising  to  obtain  an  occasional 
individual  out  of  season.  We  have  had  a  very  few  such  instances  in 
rearing  many  hundreds  of  the  codling  moth,  but  not  enough  to  desig- 
nate them  as  a  partial  brood.  For  example,  three  larvae  appeared  in 
our  cages  before  Jul}7  15,  that  remained  larvae  over  winter.  I  con- 
sidered these  mere  stragglers  that  in  some  manner  had  been  pre- 
vented from  undergoing  their  life  cycle  in  a  normal  manner. 


1  Third  Rep.  State  Entomologist  of  111.,  p.  172. 


s 


That  there  is  probable  error  in  souk-  of  the  announcements  as  to  the 
number  of  broods  of  this  insect  is  further  evidenced  in  the  fact  that 
I  have  received  opinions  of  entomologists  <>!*  equally  good  standing  in 
which  i  hey  estimate  the  number  of  life  cycles  differently  by  two  broods 
in  the  same  locality.    Both  can  not  be  correct. 

Again,  if  the  codling  moth  is  partial-brooded  in  a  locality,  it  seems 
improbable  thai  we  should  find  it  uniformly  passing  the  winter  in  the 
larval  state,  yet  all  authorities  seem  to  agree  thai  such  is  the  case. 

HOW  TO  DETERMINE  THE  NUMBER  OF  BROODs. 

It  is  not  a  simple  problem  to  determine  the  number  of  broods  of  the 
codling  moth  where  there  are  more  than  one.  As  the  insect  always 
winters  as  a  larva,  it  must  be  double  brooded,  at  least,  if  all  the  larvae 
of  the  first  brood  of  worms  feeding  in  the  fruit  change  to  The  pupa 
state  soon  after  leaving  the  apples,  (  are  should  be  taken  to  obtain 
first-brood  larvae,  however,  and  if  they  do  not  change  in  breeding 
cages,  bands  should  be  left  upon  the  trees  for  two  weeks  at  least,  and 
then  the  cocoons  opened  to  see  if  any  contain  pupae.  If  a  good  num- 
ber of  larvaB  are  obtained  and  none  transform  under  natural  condi- 
tions, it  is  fair  to  conclude  that  the  insect  is  single  brooded  in  that 
[dace.  According  to  my  experience  the  first-brood  larva-  will  con- 
tinue to  appear  for  fully  one  month  before  those  of  the  second  brood 
will  begin  to  arrive. 

The  time  occupied  by  the  codling  moth  in  passing  through  its  com- 
plete round  of  development  during  the  summer  will  average  about 
seven  weeks.  Then  if  we  know  when  the  first  larva-  appear  in  the 
spring  and  when  the  latest  ones  cease  to  appear  in  the  fall  in  a  given 
locality,  it  will  be  a  very  simple  mathematical  computation  to  deter- 
mine a  theoretical  number  of  broods  for  the  season,  but  it  will  be  no 
evidence  whatever  that  such  a  number  exists,  unless  we  know  that  all 
the  eggs  of  a  brood  are  deposited  at  one  time  and  that  all  the  indi- 
viduals of  the  brood  run  their  course  at  the  same  rate.  We  know 
these  conditions  never  occur  in  case  of  the  codling  moth.  The  prob- 
lem we  have  to  solve  is  one  in  which  many  runners  are  to  cover  a  cir- 
cular course  one  or  more  times;  they  run  at  widely  varying  speeds, 
and  some  of  the  earliest  to  start  will  go  around  once  before  the  late 
individuals  make  their  start.  We  suppose  all  are  to  cover  the  course 
the  same  number  of  times,  and  we  are  to  find  that  number  and  also 
learn  whether  the  number  is  the  same  for  all.  Then  what  must  we 
know  in  order  to  determine  our  unknown  quantities?  We  must  know 
1  he  beginning  and  the  end  of  the  period  during  which  the  insect  starts 
upon  its  various  rounds  of  development,  and  we  must  know  the  range 
of  time  in  completing  that  cycle;  then  we  must  know  whether  those 
thai  complete  one  circuit  start  upon  the  next.  If  one  starts  upon  the 
course,  it  goes  completely  around — at  least  we  know  no  exceptions  to 


9 


the  rule.  Then  if  the  data  gathered  is  sufficient  to  explain  the  entire 
occurrence  of  the  insect  for  the  year,  we  have  no  occasion  to  introduce 
partial  broods.  In  fact  I  think  their  existence  should  only  be 
announced  upon  the  most  positive  evidence. 

While  the  data  that  I  have  to  offer  in  this  address  bear  chiefly  upon 
the  matter  of  broods  of  the  codling  moth,  I  have  not  confined  myself 
to  that  feature  of  its  life  history,  and  shall  give  such  records  and- 
observations  as  I  think  may  be  of  interest  from  our  studies  of  this 
insect. 

SPRING  BROOD  OF  LARVJE  AND  PUP.E. 

In  our  early  spring  studies  of  this  insect  we  have  always  found  it  as 
a  larva  in  all  portions  of  Colorado.  It  begins  to  pupate  freely  just 
prior  to  the  blooming  of  the  apple  trees,  at  which  time,  also,  the  earliest 
moths  may  be  taken.  The  date  of  pupation  varies  greatly.  Those 
upon  the  south  side  of  trees  pupate  earlier  than  those  upon  the  north, 
while  others  going  into  the  earth  about  the  base  of  the  tree  (which  many 
do)  or  deep  into  some  checked  trunk  or  rotten  stump  change  still 
later.  The  time  spent  in  the  pupa  state  by  this  brood  has  varied  with 
us  from  13  to  68  days,  and  the  time  has  been  as  long  in  the  Grand 
Valley  as  at  Fort  Collins. 

April  23  of  the  present  year  the  writer  took  285  larvae  and  7  pupa1 
of  the  codling  moth  under  bands  in  an  orchard  at  Fort  Collins.  May 
lo,  when  the  early  trees  were  in  bloom,  he  took  33  larva?  and  -4  pupa?. 
From  the  latter  date  pupation  took  place  much  more  rapidly. 

SPRING  MIGRATIONS  OF  THE  LARVJE. 

I  think  it  was  in  the  spring  of  1899  that  I  was  told  that  a  man  living 
near  Grand  Junction  had  put  bands  upon  his  apple  trees  in  February, 
and  taken  many  larva?  of  the  codling  moth  under  them.  The  follow- 
ing spring  I  requested  parties  in  Rockyford,  Grand  Junction,  Canon 
City,  Edgewater,  and  Fort  Collins  to  place  at  least  10  bands  upon  trees 
early  in  spring,  to  be  examined  weekly  and  report  results.  From 
all  these  bands  but  G  larva?  were  taken.  The  past  spring  I  was  in 
Grand  Junction  when  Mr.  Silmon  Smith  was  removing  bands  to  catch 
the  migrating  larva4  (May  8),  and  he  reported  53  worms  from  295 
bands  remaining  on  two  weeks.  I  also  addressed  a  letter  to  Mr. 
W.  H.  Barber,  of  Grand  Junction,  who  it  was  said  had  been  very 
successful  in  taking  the  larva?,  and  he  reported  taking  307  larvae 
April  2  and  409  April  17  from  2,500  bands.  So  there  is  a  small  per- 
centage of  the  larvae  that  seek  a  new  place  for  pupation  in  the  spring, 
but  the  number  is  usually  so  small  that  it  seems  doubtful  if  it  will 
often  be  a  matter  of  economy  to  attempt  to  capture  them  under  bands 
I  can  not  vouch  for  the  identification  of  larva?  in  the  last  instance,  but 
if  they  were  all  of  the  codling  moth,  working  the  bands  must  have 
paid  well. 


10 


SPRING  BROOD  OF  MOTHS. 

At  Fort  Collins  mollis  have  been  captured  out  of  doors  as  early  as 
April  26,  long  before  apple  trees  wore  in  bloom.  Our  earliest  records 
for  other  portions  of  the  State  are  as  follows:  Grand  .function,  May  7; 
Canon  C  ity,  May  5;  Rockyford,  May  10. 

Moths  from  larva1  brought  into  the  laboratory  during  April  and 
May  have  continued  to  appear  in  good  numbers  to  June  23  at  Fori 
Collins,  and  moths  have  continued  to  appear  in  cellar  breeding  cages 
to  July  24.  The  early  Larvae  and  pupae  taken  at  Grand  Junction  by 
Mr.  Silmon  Smith  continued  to  give  moths  till  June  1,  those  taken 
at  Canon  City  by  Dr.  Peare  gave  moths  till  June  24,  and  those  taken 
at  Rockyford  by  Mr.  II.  II.  Griffin  emerged  till  June  8.  In  none  of 
these  eases  was  any  special  attempt  made  to  get  the  latest  appearing 
moths  for  the  locality.  The  extreme  range  in  time  of  appearance  of 
the  first  brood  moths  in  our  cages  at  Fort  Collins  in  1900  was  GO  days. 

The  following  table,  giving  the  dates  at  which  the  codling  moth 
appears  in  its  different  stages  in  different  parts  of  Colorado  and  in 
some  other  States,  may  be  of  interest  for  comparison,  although  there 
are  many  blanks  that  can  not  be  filled  at  present: 

Table  I. — Dates  of  transformations  of  the  codling  moth  in  different  places. 


Locality. 


Mesilla  Park,  N.  Mex . 
Grand  Junction,  Colo 

Rockyford,  Colo  

Canon  City,  Colo  

Corvallis,  Oreg  

Xew  Brunswick, N.J 
Morgantown,  W.  Va. . 

Ithaca,  N.Y..  

Lincoln,  Nebr  

Denver,  Colo  

Fort  Collins,  Colo  

St.  Louis,  Mo  

Northern  Illinois  


Moths 
of  first 
brood, 
date  of 
emer- 
gence. 


Apr.  24 
May  7 
May  10 
May  5 
May  16 


May  3 
May  — 


May  5 
May  7 
May  12 


Eggs  of  first 
brood. 


First. 


Most 
common. 


May  i 
May  18 


June  20 


June  26 
June  3 


June  9    July  3 


Larva?  of  first 
brood. 


First. 


i  Most 
common. 


May  31 
June  5 
June  15 
....do... 


July 

....do 


July  20 
June  27 
July  1 
June  20 
July  3 


July  21 


June  28  j  July 
June  23  I  July  8 


Locality. 

Moths  of  second 
brood. 

Eggs  of 
second 
brood 
most 
abun- 
dant. 

Larvae  of  second 
brood. 

Authority. 

First. 

Last. 

First. 

Most 
common. 

Mesilla  Park,  N.  Mex  :.. 

June  26 
June  28 
July  5 
1  July  15 
Aug.  1 

T.  D.  A.  Cockerell. 
Silmon  Smith. 
H.  H.  Griffin. 
R.J.  Peare. 
F.    L.  Washburn 
and  A.  B.  Cordlev. 
J.B.  Smith. 
A.D.  Hopkins. 
M.  V.  Slingerland. 
F.W.Card. 
David  Brothers. 
C.  P.  Gillette. 
C.V.  Riley.3 
W.  lie  Baron. 

Grand  Junction,  Colo  

Sept.  12 
Sept.  15 
Sept.  10 
Sept.  15 

July  23 
Aug.  6 
Aug.  1 

Aug.  15 
Aug.  20 

Rockyford,  Colo  

Canon  City,  Colo  

Corvallis,  Oreg  

Morgantown,  W.  Va  

Ithaca,  N  Y    

Lincoln.  Nebr  

July  2 

Denver,  Colo   

Sept.  5 
Sept.  12 

Fort  Collins.  Colo  

July  13 
'-'July  8 
July  15 

Sept.  IZ 

Aug.  12 

Aug.  3 
Aug.  — 

St.  Louis,  Mo  

Northern  Illinois  

On  or  before. 


Estimated  by  writer. 


3  First  Missouri  report. 


11 


DURATION  OF  SPRING  BROOD  OF  MOTHS. 


Of  the  12  males  kept  in  breeding  cages  2  died  on  the  second  day,  3 
upon  the  third,  1  on  the  fourth,  2  on  the  fifth,  3  on  the  sixth,  and  1 
on  the  seventh;  an  average  of  a  trifle  over  4  days.  Of  7  females  1  died 
on  the  sixth  day,  3  on  the  seventh,  2  on  the  ninth,  and  1  on  the  thir- 
teenth; an  average  of  a  little  over  8  days.  Fully  half  of  the  females 
in  breeding  cages  did  not  lay  eggs  at  all. 

SPRING  BROOD  OF, EGGS. 

The  starting  point  of  the  first  brood  can  better  be  taken  at  egg  lay- 
ing than  from  the  appearance  of  the  moths.  The  moths  that  appear 
very  early  are  compelled  to  wait  for  oviposition  until  apples  are  ready 
to  receive  their  eggs.  The  earliest  that  eggs  have  been  observed  at 
Fort  Collins  was  June  9,  1900.  This  year  they  were  not  found  until 
June  19.  They  became  increasingly  abundant  until  they  reached 
their  maximum  about  July  3,  and  by  July  21  it  was  almost  impossible 
to  find  an  unhatched  egg.  By  July  27  a  noticeable  increase  had  started 
again,  marking  the  beginning  of  the  second  brood. 

Professor  Cockerell  records  eggs  as  early  as  May  -t  at  Mesilla  Park, 
X.  Mex.  At  Grand  Junction,  Colo.,  I  found  them  in  small  numbers 
May  25,  1900,  and  estimated  that  they  might  have  occurred  as  early  as 
the  i  stli  of  the  month.  Slingerland  records  them  on  May  2<3  at  Ithaca, 
X.  Y.,  and  Card  gives  June  3  as  the  earliest  date  known  to  him  for 
the  appearance  of  the  eggs  in  Nebraska.  One  is  not  liable  to  discover 
the  first  eggs  laid  by  the  codling  moth,  so  it  is  likely  that  any  of  the 
above  dates  maybe  too  late  for  the  earliest  eggs,  and  the  dates  in 
a  uiven  locality  will  vary  in  different  seasons  with  the  date  of  the 
blooming  of  the  apple  trees.  This  is  so  important  a  date  to  have  from 
which  to  work  in  studying  the  life  history  of  the  codling  moth  that  I 
offer  the  following  table,  giving  the  dates  at  which  apple  trees  bloom 
in  different  portions  of  the  country.  It  is  chiefly  compiled  from 
answers  to  letters  which  I  have  sent  out. 

Table  II. — Dates  at  which  apple  trees  bloom  in  different  localities. 


Locality. 


Reno,  Nev   

Corvallis,  Oreg  

Urbana.Ill  

Grand  Junction,  Colo  . 
Southern  New  Jersey  . 

Columbia.  Mo  

Blaeksburg.  Va  

Lafayette.  Ind  

Lincoln,  Ncbr  

Rockyford.  Colo  

College  Park.Md  

Bozeman,  Mont  

Morgantown,  W.  Va  

Cornell,  N.Y.  

Geneva.  N.Y  _. 

Fort  Collins,  Colo  

Wooster,  Ohio   

Canon  City,  Colo. 1  

Lansing.  Mich  

Ottawa,  Canada  

Moscow,  Idaho  

Burlington.  Vt   1  May  15 

Madison,  Wis   May  15 

Orono.  Me    Mav  20 


Date  of  bloom. 


Informant. 


Mar.  20- Apr.  10 
Mar.  25- Apr.  5  . 

Apr.  10   

Apr.  15-27  

Apr.  20  

Apr.  20-May  5 . 

Apr.  20-30  

Apr.  20..  

Apr.  27 -Mav  2  - 
Apr.28. ........ 

Apr.30  

May  1-5  

May  1-10  

May  1-ld  

May  4  17   

May  5-15  .   

May  8-10..  

May  10.  

May  10-1 2  

May  10-15  

May  10-15  


R.  Lewers. 
A.  B.  Cordley. 
J.  C.  Blair. 
CP.  Gillette. 
J.B.  Smith. 
J.  M.  Stedman. 
J.L.  Phillips. 
J.  Troop. 

Lawrence  Brunei-. 
H.  H.  Griffin. 
W.  G.  Johnson. 
R.  A.  Cooley. 
A.  D.  Hopkins. 
M.  V.  Slingerland. 
V.  H.  Lowe. 
C.  P.  Gillette. 

F.  M.  Webster. 
R.J.  Peare. 
L.R.  Taft. 
J.Fletcher. 
J.M.  Aldrich. 

G.  H.  Perkins. 
E.S.Goff. 

W.  M.  Munson. 


Evidently  a  late  season. 


12 


The  t  ime  elapsing  between  the  emergence  of  the  moth  and  the  depo- 
sition of  ctigs  in  the  cages  lias  varied  between  1  and  9  days,  with  an 
average  of  6.7  days. 

The  number  of  eggs  laid  in  confinement  has  varied  between  2  and 
50,  and  nearly  every  one  has  hatched  except  where  males  were  not 
confined  with  the  female.  Of  65  eggs  inclosed  in  paper  sacks  upon 
i  he  1  rees  only  2  failed  to  hatch.  Nearly  all  the  eggs  seem  to  be  fertile 
at  Fort  Collins,  but  at  the  same  time  there  are  many  more  eggshells 
to  be  found  upon  the  apples  than  worm  holes  in  them,  which  would 
indicate  a  large  mortality  among  the  small  worms.  In  our  counts  we 
have  found  nearly  90  per  cent  of  these  eggs  upon  the  free  surface  of 
the  apples  and  the  remainder  upon  the  leaves. 


When  the  egg  is  first  laid  it  is  of  a  pearly  white  color.  Later 
there  appeal's  upon  it  a  faint  red  ring,  marking  the  position  of  the 
forming  embryo.  A  day  later  this  ring  becomes  more  distinct  and 
later  disappears,  and  in  its  stead  there  is  a  dark  central  spot,  produced 
by  the  black  head  and  cervical  shield  of  the  embryo.  When  the  larva 
leaves  the  egg  the  remaining  shell  appears  like  a  fresh  egg,  except 
that  it  is  very  flat  and  along  one  side  the  slit  from  which  the  larva 
made  its  exit  can  usually  be  seen.  Notes  by  an  assistant,  Mr.  E.  P. 
Taylor,  upon  57  freshly  laid  eggs  show  that  the  red  ring  appears  upon 
the  second  or  third  day  after  the  egg  is  laid,  the  disappearance  of  the 
ring  and  the  appearance  of  the  dark  spot  2  to  3  days  later,  and  the 
hatching  of  the  egg  on  the  first  or  second  day  after  the  appearance  of 
the  dark  spot.  These  eggs  were  deposited  in  the  breeding  cages. 
Eggs  observed  in  the  orchard  required  about  1  day  more  to  hatch, 
probabh7  on  account  of  the  lower  temperature  during  night,  making 
the  average  incubation  period  7  and  a  fraction  days.  Riley  gave  this 
period  as  from  1  to  10  days,  Washburn  as  5  to  10  days,  and  Slinger- 
land  as  about  a  week.  We  have  found  the  time  to  vary  between  6 
and  8  days  in  the  laboratory  where  the  temperature  ranged  between 
68°  during  the  night  and  75°  during  the  middle  of  the  day.  For  eggs 
kept  in  a  greenhouse  where  the  temperature  ran  to  110°  during  the 
middle  of  the  day,  the  hatching  period  was  6  days.  The  records  of 
the  hatching  of  eggs  in  these  two  rooms  is  as  follows : 

Table  III. — Compa  rison  of  egg-hatching  records  in  a  cool  and  a  hot  room. 


CHAN*  i  US   I  X  THE  EGG  DURING  INCUBATION. 


Cool  room;  temper-  Hot  room  in  green- 
ature,  between  68°  house;  tempera- 
and  75°  F.  ture,  110°  at  midday. 


Number  of  eggs. . 

Eggs  laid  

Distinct  red  ring 

Dark  center  

Hatched  


15..  

Aug.  11  (night)  

Aug.  H  

Aug.  17   

Aug.  18  (morning)  . 


15. 

Aug.  11  (night). 
Aug.  14. 
Aug.  lt>. 

Aug.  17  (evening). 


Eleven  eggs  hatched  in  each  of  the  above  lots,  the  difference  in 
time  being  from  evening  one  day  to  morning  of  the  next.    The  time 


13 

in  the  greenhouse  was  G  days  and  in  the  cool  room  &J  days.  The  eggs 
were  all  laid  in  a  breeding  cage  upon  one  apple  on  the  night  of 
August  11. 

It  would  seem  from  This  test  that  if  the  temperature  of  the  egg  is 
kept  above  08°  an  increase  of  temperature  will  not  greatly  hasten 
development. 

SUMMER  BROOD  OF  LARV.K. 

Our  observations  upon  the  very  early  larval  habits  have  not  differed 
materially  from  those  made  by  Card  and  Slingerland,  except  that  we 
have  not  found  any  indications  of  their  feeding  upon  the  surface  of 
the  leaves.  The  earliest  that  we  have  ever  taken  larvae  of  this  brood 
at  Fort  Collins  has  been  June  28.  This  year  the  first  capture  under 
bands  was  July  1.  The  earliest  record  at  Grand  Junction  is  June  5, 
and  at  Rockyford  and  Canon  City  June  15;  the  earliest  at  Denver 
July  3.  Professor  Card's  record  for  earliest  larva?  of  summer  brood  at 
Lincoln,  Xebr.,  was  June  20,  and  Professor  Slingerland's  for  Ithaca, 
X.  Y.,  was  July  1.  Dr.  Smith  wrote  me  July  20  of  this  year  that  the 
codling  moth  larvae  were  just  beginning  to  descend  for  pupation  at 
Xew  Brunswick,  X.  J.,  and  Dr.  Hopkins,  of  Morgantown,  AY.  A  a., 
recently  wrote  that  the  larvae  were  just  beginning  to  descend  there  on 
June  20.  Professor  Cockerell,  in  1897,  at  Mesilla  Park,  X.  Mex., 
found  larv?e  of  this  brood  descending 'May  31.  This  is  the  earliest 
record  known  to  me.  If  there  are  four  broods  of  this  insect  anywhere 
in  the  United  States,  I  am  sure  it  should  be  at  Mesilla  Park. 

The  earliest  that  we  have  taken  larvae  of  the  second  brood  at  Fort 
Collins  is  August  3.  In  each  of  these  localities  the  number  of  larvae 
which  will  live  over  winter  as  such  increases  rapidly  in  a  few  days 
after  the  above  dates.  At  Grand  Junction  pupation  practically  ceases 
by  August  10,  at  Rockyford  by  August  20,  at  Canon  City  by  August 
21,  and  at  Fort  Collins  by  August  30  (see  Table  IY). 

Table  lX.—T<tl>h'  showing  proportions  of  larvce,  taken  at  different  dates,  that  lire 
over  winter  before  pupating. 


Localitj 


Grand  Juuctiou.  Colo 


Rockyford.  Colo 


Canon  City.  Colo  


Mr.  David  Brothers,  of  Edgewater,  near  Denver,  published  the  rec- 
ord of  his  captures  of  codling  moth  larvae  in  his  orchard  during  the 

I 


Dates  larvae  were 
taken. 


July 
July 
July 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug-. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
July 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 


16-23. 1900 
24-30.1900 
31-Aug.ij,1900 

6-  13, 1900 
1:3-20, 1900 

21-  29. 1900 
30-Sept.  4, 1900 
1-6,  1900  .A 

7-  11,1900  

12-14. 1900 
15-21.1900 

22-  28, 1900 
29-Sept.6,1900 

30, 1899   

1-13, 11 
14-20, 1899 
21-28, 1899 


Record  1>v 


Silmon  Smith. 


H.H.  Griffin. 


Dr.  R.J.  Peare. 


14 


summer  of  1900  in  a  Denver  daily  about  January  15,  1901.  I  have  a 
clipping  only,  and  do  not  know  the  exact  date  that  it  was  published, 
nor  the  paper  in  which  it  appeared.    The  record  is  as  follows: 

Table  V.  — Larvce  taken  under  bands  by  David  Brothers,  Edgewater,  Colo. 


Bands  removed. 

Worms 
taken. 

Average 
per  day. 

July  4-6  

200 
997 
747 
213 
602 
225 
2,315 

July  15-17  

90 
42 
21 
60 
171 
a  88 

August  13-14   

August  22-34    

September  4-6..  

September,  last  week      

a  Approximately. 

The  following  record,  kept  by  an  assistant,  Mr.  Titus,  at  Fort  Col- 
lins last  year,  gives  approximately  the  same  dates  at  which  the  two 
broods  of  larvae  reach  their  maximum  and  minimum  numbers.  The 
dates  run  a  little  later  at  Fort  Collins,  which  is  the  more  northern 
point.  The  larvse  were  taken  twice  a  week  by  Mr.  Titus,  so  some  of 
the  periods  are  3  and  some  4  days. 

Table  VI. — Records  of  codling  moth  larvce  taken  tinder  bands. 
[Eleven  trees  in  Harris  orchard,  Port  Collins,  Colo.,  1900.] 


July. 

August. 

September. 

October. 

Tree. 

35 

28 

31 

4 

7 

11 

15 

18 

23 

35 

38 

1 

5 

8 

12 

15 

18 

33 

39 

4 

BP 

13 

10  .... 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

o 

3 

9 

17 

4 

4 

4 

5 

4 

1 

0 

13.... 

0 

0 

0 

0 

7 

§ 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

12 

20 

2 

6 

4 

9 

5 

I 

4 

14.... 

16 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

5 

19 

10 

6 

4 

8 

4 

0 

3 

17.... 

9 

11 

0 

8 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

I 

15 

8 

28 

8 

9 

6 

9 

7 

1 

0 

18  .... 

3 

0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

I 

10 

20 

19 

6 

12 

8 

9 

5 

1 

0 

19.... 

3 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

9 

9 

21 

14 

12 

6 

3 

9 

0 

3 

20.... 

1 

0 

8 

8 

6 

■0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

6 

5 

10 

4 

4 

I 

13 

3 

1 

0 

21  .... 

1 

3 

0 

4 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

4 

13 

11 

4 

0 

4 

4 

1 

4 

6 

22  .... 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

o° 

0 

0 

0 

0 

7 

9 

34 

14 

28 

5 

8 

14 

12 

3 

5 

23.... 

6 

0 

0 

9 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

1 

3 

0 

5 

9 

2 

6 

24.... 

0 

0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

p 

0 

6 

8 

7 

5 

5 

13 

I 

3 

0 

88 

16 

1 

39 

13 

1 

2 

1 

0 

3 

10 

30 

98 

102 

176 

58 

75 

53 

94 

59 

16 

26 

The  first  brood  had  reached  its  maximum  when  the  bands  were 
removed  the  first  time,  July  25.  The  great  number  of  ciphers 
between  August  11  and  22  indicate  the  division  between  the  broods. 
The  second  maximum  came  September  12,  and  then  the  numbers 
diminished  rather  slowly  for  the  next  two  weeks. 

Another  record  kept  the  same  year  on  a  tree  growing  in  the  college 
lawn  at  Fort  Collins  gave  a  similar  record,  though  the  first  maximum 
came  a  few  days  later.    The  record  is  as  follows: 

Table  VII. — Codling  moth  larvce  from  bands  on  tree  in  college  lawn. 


June. 

July. 

August. 

September. 

29 

7 

14 

21 

28 

4 

11 

18 

35 

1 

8 

15 

22 

39 

Larvae  

o 

1 

10 

8 

14 

24 

18 

115 

84 

87 

316 

m 

390 

38 

15 


The  total  number  of  larvae  taken  under  the  one  burlap  band  upon 
the  above  tree  growing  in  closely  cut  grass  ground  was  1,481.  We 
did  not  take  so  large  a  proportion  of  the  larva?  from  any  tree  growing 
upon  well  cultivated  ground. 

WHEN  THE  LARVAE  COME  DOWN. 

To  determine  what  proportion  of  the  larva?  leave  the  fruit  during 
the  bright  daylight  and  what  proportion  at  night  to  go  in  search  of  a 
place  to  spin  up,  I  bandaged  a  tree  that  I  passed  each  morning  and 
evening  and  removed  the  larvae  at  about  7.30  a.  m.  and  6  p.  m.  from 
August  15  to  20.  There  were  414  larva?  taken,  353,  or  85  per  cent,  of 
which  came  to  the  band  during  the  night,  and  61,  or  15  per  cent, 
during  the  day,  between  the  hours  mentioned. 

DURATION  OF  LARVAL  PERIOD. 

Dr.  Riley1  gave  fhis  period  as  25  to  30  days  outside  the  cocoon, 
Washburn2  as  about  4  weeks,  Card3  as  apparently  10  to  14  days,  and 
Slingerland4  estimated  the  time  at  20  to  30  days.  In  our  records  the 
time  has  varied  between  12  and  24  days,  with  an  average  of  19,  at 
Fort  Collins. 

WHERE  THE  LARVA  ENTERS  THE  APPLE. 

Unsprayed  trees  should  be  chosen  to  determine  this  point.  There 
is  also  danger  of  error  if  the  examination  of  the  apple  is  superficial, 
as  I  have  found  that  the  larva  often  enters  at  the  calyx,  leaving  no 
castings  in  sight,  and  then  burrows  out  at  the  side  some  distance  away, 
the  latter  burrow  being  kept  open,  but  not  the  former.  An  examina- 
tion of  526  apples  worm}'  by  the  first  brood  gave  the  following  results: 
Two  hundred  and  sixty- seven  apples  were  wormy  at  the  blossom  only, 
18  at  the  stem  only,  84  at  the  side  only,  and  157  had  wormholes  at  the 
blossom  and  also  at  some  other  place.  Adding  this  last  number  to  the 
first,  we  have  424  out  of  526  apples,  or  80  per  cent,  with  wormholes  at 
the  blossom  end.    The  apples  counted  were  of  three  varieties  of  crabs. 

DURATION  OF  COCOON  STAGE  OF  FIRST  SUMMER  BROOD. 

The  period  elapsing  from  the  time  the  larva  leaves  the  apple  or 
appears  under  a  band  to  the  time  the  moth  emerges  I  have  designated 
as  the  cocoon  stage.  The  time  elapsing  before  changing  to  the  chrys- 
alis Riley 5  found  to  be  3  days.  During  the  present  summer  (1901)  Mr. 
Taylor  has  carried  through  observations  for  me  upon  7 6  larva?  which 
transformed  to  moths,  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  average  time 

fourth  Mo.  Rep.,  p.  22. 
-Bui.  25,  Or.  Exp.  Sta,,  p.  5. 
3 Bui.  51,  Nebr.  Exp.  Sta.,  p.  22. 
4 Bui.  142,  Cornell  Exp.  Sta.,  p.  23. 
5Fourth  Mo.  Rep.,  p.  22. 


16 


of  the  entire  cocoon  stage,  and  lie  obtained  the  following  results:  The 
shortest  time  was  L3  days,  the  Longest  time  23  days,  and  the  average 
time  10.75  days. 

Observations  made  for  me  by  Mv.  Titus  in  1900  for  the  purpose 
of  determining  the  entire  cocoon  stage  and  also  the  duration  of  its 
two  periods — as  larva  and  as  pupa — gave  results  which  1  have  tabu- 
lated below.  His  averages  for  the  entire  period  are  somewhat  larger 
than  those  obtained  by  Mr.  Taylor.  It  may  be  partially  due  to  the 
fact  that  he  was  compelled  to  open  the  cocoons  daily  before  pupation 
to  determine  their  condition.  This,  however,  should  not  affect  the 
pupa  stage. 

Table  VIII. — Time  spent  by  codling  moth,  from  beginning  of  spinning  stage  to 
appearance  of  moth,  Fort  Collins,  Colo.,  1900. 


Larva?  taken. 


Larvae 
pupated. 


Moth  ap-  Nutn-  Total 
peared.    ber.  time. 


July  2. 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 

Julv  3. 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 

July  4. 
Do 
Do 

July 5 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 

Julv  0 . 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 

July  8. 


Aug.  3 
July  4 
July  0 

July  9~ 
July  6 

""do"" 
July  8 
...do... 
July  9 
....do... 
...do... 
Julv  8 
....do... 
July  9 
July  10 
July  9 
July  10 

July  12 
July  13 
....do... 
....do... 
July  14 
July  18 
July  12 


July  10 
July  18 
July  10 
July  22 
July  24 
Julv  18 
July  20 
July  21 
July  22 
July  28 
July  24 
July  20 
July  21 
July  23 
Julv  21 
July  22 
July  23 
...do... 
July  22 
July  24 

July  25 
July  20 
July  27 
July  30 
July  31 
July  30 


Days. 
14 
10 
14 
20 
•>•> 

15 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
10 
17 
19 
10 
17 
18 
18 
17 
18 
18 
19 
20 
21 
24 
25 
22 


Larvae  taken. 


Julv  8... 
July  9.. 

Do- 
July  10. 
July  11. 

Do  . 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
July  12. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do.. 

Do. 

Do  .. 
Aug.  11 
Aug.  13 

Do  . 

Do. 
Aug.  IS 

Do. 
Sept.  4. 


Larvae 
pupated 


July  14 
July  15 
July  10 
July  14 
July  18 
....do... 
....do... 
....do ... 
July  19 

""do": 

July  10 

July  17 
July  19 

....do... 
July  20 

:".do": 

Aug.  13 
Aug.  18 
Aug.  17 

....do... 
Aug.  24 
Sept.  0 

....do ... 


Moth  ap-  Num- 
peared.  ber. 


July  31 

'"..do" 

....do.. 
July  30 
July  31 
Aug.  2 
Aug.  1 
Aug.  2 
Aug.  3 
Aug.  4 
July  30 
July  3J 
Aug.  3 
Aug.  4 
Aug.  6 
Aug.  4 
Aug.  10 

....do  . 
Aug.  30 
Aug.  31 
Sept.  5 
Sept.  0 

 do 

Sept.  10 

 do  _ . 


Total 
time. 

Days. 
23 
22 
22 
21 
19 
20 
22 
21 
22 
23 
24 
18 
19 
22 
2:5 
25 
23 
2U 
29 
19 
18 
23 
24 
19 
29 
12 


The  time  required  tor  pupation,  according  to  the  above  record,  after 
the  larva  comes  down  from  the  tree,  was,  for  1  larva,  1  day;  for  6 
larva?,  2  da}^s;  for  10  larva),  3  days;  for  18  larva1,  4  days;  for  15  larvae, 
5  days;  for  7  larvae,  6  days;  for  31  larvae,  7  days;  for  14  larva1,  8  days; 
for  1  larva,  12  days;  for  1  larva,  19  days.  The  average  time  was  5.6 
days  and  the  range  in  time  from  1  to  19  days.  Number  of  larvae  in 
the  record,  104. 

The  time  spent  in  the  pupa  state  by  the  same  larvae  was  as  follows: 
Four  were  pupae  10  days;  2  were  pupa1 11  days;  23  were  pupae  1 2  days; 
13  were  pupae  13  days;  24  were  pupa1  14  days;  13  were  pupa1  15  days; 
L0  were  pupae  L6  days;  7  were  pupa1  17  days;  3  wen1  pupae  L8  days;  2 
were  pupa?  19  days;  1  was  pupa  20  days,  and  2  were  pupa1  21  days. 
The  shortest  time  in  the  pupa  state  was  10  days  and  the  longest  time 
21  days.    The  average  time  was  14  days. 


17 


If  we  combine  the  stages  above  given  and  call  the  two  the  cocoon 
stage,  we  shall  have  a  record  as  follows:  One  moth  appeared  in  12 
days;  3  in  14  days;  -1  in  15  days;  -1  in  16  days;  11  in  17  days;  13  in  18 
days;  18  in  19  days;  7  in  20  days;  L0  in  21  days;  12  in  22  days;  7  in 
23  days;  8  in  24  days;  3  in  25  days,  and  3  in  29  days.  This  makes 
the  shortest  time  in  the  cocoon  stage  12  days  and  the  longest  time  29 
days,  and  the  average  20  days. 

Hatching  records  kept  for  me  by  Mr.  H.  II.  Griffin,  at  Rockyford, 
and  at  Grand  Junction  by  Silmon  Smith,  indicate  that  the  duration  of 
the  cocoon  stage  in  those  localities  is  practically  the  same  as  at  Fort 
Collins.  Riley1  gives  the  entire  cocoon  stage  as  15  to  21  days,  Wash- 
burn2 as  three  weeks,  and  Slingerland3  as  two  or  three  weeks. 
Aldrich  4  gives  the  t  ime  as  a  week  or  more,  but  greatly  dependent  upon 
temperature. 

THE  SECOND  BROOD  OF  MOTHS. 

The  time  of  appearance  of  the  earliest  of  the  second-brood  moths  is 
easily  determined  by  hatching  them  from  the  earliest  wormy  apples 
of  the  summer.  Riley  gave  this  date  for  the  latitude  of  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  as  July  8;  Le  Baron  gave  it  for  northern  Illinois  as  July  15; 
Card,  for  Lincoln,  Xebr.,  as  July  2;  Cockerell,  for  Mesilla  Park, 
N.  Mex.,  as  June  20,  and  Professor  Cordley  has  written  me  that  for 
Corvallis,  Oreg.,  he  finds  it  to  be  about  August  1.  At  Fort  Collins 
the  earliest  bred  moth  of  this  brood  appeared  July  13;  at  Canyon 
City,  Dr.  Peare  reports  to  me  that  he  bred  a  moth  July  15;  at  Rocky- 
ford,  Colo.,  Mr.  Griffin  obtained  the  first  moth  July  5,  and  at  Grand 
Junction,  Mr.  Smith  obtained  a  moth  on  June  28. 

The  following  records  for  the  very  latest  moths  appearing  of  this 
brood  (or  some  later  brood,  as  the  case  may  be)  are  of  interest  in  this 
connection.  The  latest  moth  to  appear  in  breeding  cages  at  Fort  Col- 
lins came  out  September  10;  the  latest  at  Canyon  City,  September  10; 
at  Rockyford,  September  15,  and  at  Grand  Junction,  September  12. 
These  are  all  belated  individuals,  and  all  appeared  after  the  general 
disappearance  of  the  brood.  (See  Table  IV,  giving  proportions  of 
larvse  that  live  over  winter  from  different  dates.) 

THE  SECOND  BROOD  OF  EGGS. 

I  know  of  no  definite  published  records  upon  the  second  brood  of 
eggs.  At  Fort  Collins,  this  year,  this  brood  seemed  to  begin  its  appear- 
ance about  July  24,  and  they  were  most  abundant  about  August  12. 
The  two  broods  doubtless  overlap,  but  at  Fort  Collins  this  year  it  was 
almost  impossible  to  find  eggs  at  all  from  the  20th  to  the  23d  of  July, 

1  Fourth  Mo.  Rep.,  p.  22. 

2  Bui.  25,  Or.  Exp.  Sta.,  p.  5. 
■Bui.  142,  Cornell  Exp.  Sta..  p.  27. 
1  Bui.  21,  Id.  Exp.  Sta.,  p.  101. 

1182:]— No.  31— 01  2 


18 


and  then  they  began  slowly  to  increase  in  numbers  again.  As  the 
first  eggs  of  this  year  were  found  June  19,  this  makes  the  time 
between  broods  about  54  days.  On  August  20  it  was  difficult  again 
to  find  many  unhatched  eggs. 

SECOND  BROOD  OF  LARV JE. 

The  earliest  that  we  have  taken  mature  larvae  of  this  brood  at  Fort 
Collins  is  August  3 ;  at  Canon  City,  August  1 ;  at  Roekyford,  August  6, 
and  at  Grand  Junction,  July  23,  as  determined  by  the  dates  at  which 
we  have  first  obtained  larvae  that  did  not  pupate  till  spring.  (See 
Table  I.)  Immediately  following  these  dates  the  number  of  such 
larvse  rapidly  increases  until  none  are  found  except  those  which 
remain  in  the  larval  state  till  spring.  These  last  dates,  in  all  our 
observations,  have  been  taken  to  mark  the  close  of  the  appearance 
of  the  first  larval  brood.  The  dates  we  have  are,  for  Grand  Junction, 
August  13;  for  Roekyford,  August  20;  for  Canon  City,  August  21, 
and  for  Fort  Collins,  August  30.    (See  Table  IV.) 

According  to  our  observations  this  brood  jmsses  the  winter  entirely 
as  larvae,  and  begin  active  pupation  at  about  the  time  the  apple  trees 
begin  to  bloom. 

The  pupa  stage  of  this  Drood  usually  lasts  much  longer  than  that 
of  the  summer  brood.  We  have  often  had  pupae  remain  30  or  40  days 
before  the  moths  emerged,  and  a  considerable  longer  period  has  not 
been  very  unusual.  The  longest  spring  pupal  stage  that  Ave  have 
recorded  is  68  days,  March  7  to  May  14,  at  Grand  Junction. 

THE  NUMBER  OF  BROODS. 

While  the  above  data  may  be  weak  at  some  points,  I  believe  it  is 
fairly  safe  to  announce  that  the  codling  moth  is  definitely  two-brooded 
throughout  Colorado,  with  no  adequate  reasons  for  postulating  a  par- 
tial brood  to  account  for  the  belated  larvae  that  have  fallen  behind 
the  majority  in  the  race.  Let  us  see  if  the  data  we  have  presented 
bear  out  the  conclusions. 

According  to  our  records  the  entire  life  histoiy  of  the  summer  brood 
is  divided  into  periods  about  as  follows:  From  egg  to  larva,  7  days; 
from  larva  to  cocoon  stage,  19  days;  cocoon  stage  to  emergence  of 
moth,  18  days;  emerging  of  moth  to  middle  of  egg-laying  stage,  5  days 
(estimated) — a  total  of  40  days,  or  just  7  weeks. 

The  first  larvae  matured  in  the  apples  last  year  at  Fort  Collins  July 
3,  and  Ave  began  taking  larvae  that  lived  over  winter  August  12 — just 
40  days  after.  At  Canon  City  Dr.  Peare  took  the  first  larva  June  15, 
and  t  he  first  larva  that  did  not  pupate  was  taken  47  days  later — August 
1.  Mr.  Griffin,  at  Roekyford,  took  the  first  larva  of  the  summer  brood 
June  15,  and  the  first  that  lived  over  winter  without  changing,  52  days 
afterwards,  August  G.  Mr.  Smith,  at  Grand  Junction,  took  the  first 
mature  larva  last  year  June  10,  and  the  first  to  live  over  winter  with- 
out pupating,  43  days  afterwards,  July  23.    As  the  time  in  each  of 


19 


these  localities  approximates  the  time  required  for  the  entire  life  ey^cle, 
according  to  our  records,  and  as  the  number  of  larva?  not  transforming 
until  spring  rapidly  increased  from  the  dates  given  for  the  first  cap- 
tured, so  that  within  20  da}7s  thereafter  all  were  of  this  winter  brood, 
it  seems  certain  that  there  could  not  be  a  third  brood  in  any  of  the 
localities  mentioned,  as  there  is  not  room  for  them.  A  partial  brood 
from  the  early  maturing  second  brood  could  be  granted  if  necessary. 
Now,  if  we  could  find  the  first  brood  of  larva?  extending  late  enough 
to  account  for  the  last  larvae  that  pupate,  we  should  have  no  need 
whatever  to  suppose  a  partial  third  brood.  This  we  can  not  quite 
accomplish  from  the  data  at  hand,  but  we  can  so  nearly  cover  the 
period  that  the  few  days  remaining,  in  which  only  scattering  speci- 
mens are  taken  that  pupate,  would,  in  my  estimation,  easily  be  covered 
by  the  few  individuals  that  have  taken  a  longer  time  for  development 
than  our  breeding  records  will  show,  as  it  is  practically  impossible  in 
a  few  breeding  experiments  to  include  the  extremes  of  a  brood. 

In  our  records  larvae  taken  from  the  orchard  late  in  April  and 
transferred  to  a  moderately  cool  cellar  continued  to  give  moths  to 
July  24.  This  would  easily  account  for  eggs  to  August  4.  As  the 
first  eggs  were  found  at  Fort  Collins  the  same  year,  June  9,  we  have 
the  egg-laying  period  extended  over  56  days. 

As  the  first  larvae  were  taken  under  bands  at  Grand  Junction  in 
1900,  on  June  10,  and  the  last  larvae  pupating  were  taken  August  12, 
these  two  dates  mark  the  extremes  of  the  brood,  provided  there  is  no 
partial  brood.  It  exceeds  the  time  our  records  indicate  for  it  by  7 
days.  The  time  is  so  nearly  provided  for  that  it  seems  that  a  partial 
brood  can  only  be  allowed  when  proven  to  exist  by  actually  carrying 
the  insect  through  the  three  generations  in  breeding  cages.  So  while 
we  can  not  say  positively  that  there  is  not  a  partial  third  brood  at 
Grand  Junction,  or  even  Rockyford  or  Canon  City,  our  records  do  not 
prove  it,  and  the  writer  is  strongly  inclined  to  the  opinion  that  it  does 
not  exist.  A  complete  third  brood  can  not  be  accounted  for  at  all. 
When  Mr.  Brothers,  near  Denver,  last  year  collected  2,223  larva? 
and  only  2  pupae  under  bands  that  had  been  on  the  trees  since  August 
24 — 13  days — he  proved  very  conclusively  that  only  stragglers  of  the 
first  brood  were  remaining  at  that  date. 

I  have  not  yet  received  sufficient  data  to  state  what  the  conditions 
ma}7  be  in  other  States.  Professor  Cordley  has  recently  written  me 
that  at  Corvallis,  Oreg.,  he  has  not  been  able  in  four  years  to  rear 
a  codling  moth  later  than  September  15,  and  he  gives  June  20  as  the 
date  of  the  first  eggs  upon  apples  that  he  has  been  able  to  find.  This 
makes  the  period  for  the  broods  at  Corvallis  even  shorter  than  at  Fort 
Collins.  He  also  states  that  his  records  "indicate  two  broods,  and  two 
only,"  at  Corvallis.  Prof.  W.  M.  Munson,  of  Orono,  Me.,  also  writes 
under  date  of  August  17,  that  "some  wormy  apples  placed  in  boxes 
August  1  are  now  yielding  pupa?. "  So  there  is  at  least  a  partial  second 
brood  in  Maine. 


20 


I  might  deduce  further  evidence  to  support  the  opinions  expressed 
as  (o  the  number  of  broods,  but  I  have  already  tired  you  with  a  long 
address  and  many  records  and  deductions  drawn  from  them.  The 
data  referred  to  are  included  in  the  present  paper.  You  may  study 
them  at  your  leisure  and  draw  your  own  conclusions.  I  only  hope 
that  at  no  distant  lime  we  maybe  able  to  make  definite  statements 
without  much  guesswork  as  to  the  number  of  broods  of  this  important 
orchard  pest  wherever  it  occurs  in  1  his  country,  and  that  the  obser- 
vations here  reported  may  assist  to  that  end. 


On  motion  of  Dr.  Howard,  Professor  Gillette  was  voted  the  thanks 
of  the  Association  for  his  excellent  address. 
A  general  discussion  of  the  address  followed. 

Mr.  Ball  thought  that  much  could  be  gained  from  this  paper  as  a 
lesson  upon  the  magnitude  of  a  complete  life-history  study,  and  made 
a  general  suggestion  that  the  life,  history  of  a  closely  allied  species, 
living  under  natural  conditions,  could  often  be  used  as  a  check  to  the 
work  on  that  of  an  economic  species.  As  an  illustration,  he  cited  the 
case  of  the  chinch  bug  and  the  false  chinch  bug,  which  have  been  vari- 
ously reported  as  from  one  to  four-brooded,  while  closely  allied  species 
occurring  under  natural  conditions  can  be  easily  determined  to  be 
definitely  two-brooded. 

Mr.  Howard  said  the  paper  was  an  education  upon  life-history  work, 
but  suggested  that  the  statement  that  the  insect  was  only  double- 
brooded  in  the  South  as  well  as  the  North  was  somewhat  startling,  and 
that  he  was  not  at  all  disposed  to  accept  it  without  further  evidence. 

Mr.  Scott  stated  that  he  had  done  very  little  work  on  this  insect,  but 
from  his  general  notes  it  appeared  to  be  three-brooded  in  Georgia. 

Mr.  Cockerell  thought  that  the  greatest  damage  was  done  to  Septem- 
ber apples,  while  fruit  maturing  in  June  was  not  materially  damaged. 
It  was  almost  impossible  to  grow  apples  in  southern  Mexico,  while  the 
insect  did  not  occur  in  Arizona. 

Mr.  Hopkins  thought  that  the  moth  would  be  governed  by  the  same 
phenological  law  as  that  which  governed  the  periodical  phenomena  of 
plants  and  other  insects — that  is  (as  determined  by  him  in  West  Vir- 
ginia), an  average  difference  of  about  1  day  for  each  one-fourth  degree 
of  latitude  and  about  the  same  difference  for  each  100  feet  in  altitude. 

The  results  of  observat  ions  made  by  him  in  June  and  July,  1901,  is 
compared  with  the  calculated  normals  for  first  appearance  of  larva' 
from  apples  in  West  Virginia,  as  follows: 


Locality. 

Date  of  observation  and  result. 

Latitude. 

Altitude. 

Calculated  normal 
dates. 

Morgautown  

Gerrardstown  

Elkins  

Leebell  

Huttonsville  

Near  Huttona- 
ville. 

July  3.  a  few  had  emerged  

June  27,  a  few  had  emerged  

July  9,  a  few  had  emerged  

July  10,  first  emerging   

July  11,  a  few  had  emerged  

July  11,  none  had  emerged   

39  45 

39  30 
38  45 
38  40 
38  45 
38  45 

Feet. 
1,000 

400 
2,000 
2,200 
2, 100 
2,600 

July  1  (estimated 

base). 
June  24. 
July  7. 
July  9. 
July  8. 
July  13. 

21 


Matured  larvae  collected  at  Morgantown  on  July  3  produced  moths 
on  July  16-17.  Matured  larva3  collected  at  Elkins  July  9  produced 
one  moth  on  August  9.  Therefore  he  thought  that  at  low  southern 
sections  in  his  State  the  moth  might  be  two-brooded,  while  at  high 
northern  sections  (Canadian  zone)  a  second  brood  would  rarely,  if 
ever,  occur.  He  also  was  inclined  to  believe  in  the  three-brooded 
theory  for  the  South. 

Mr.  Gillette  suggested  that  it  would  be  interesting  for  Dr.  Hopkins 
to  determine  the  number  of  broods  of  the  codling  moth  in  high  alti- 
tudes as  compared  with  low  altitudes  in  his  State. 

Mr.  Gillette  had  found  it  impossible  to  determine  the  number  of 
broods  with  certainty  without  actually  breeding  the  moths. 

Mr.  Ball  stated  that  it  took  an  apple  a  definite  length  of  time  to 
reach  maturity  and,  in  his  opinion,  this  would  determine  the  number 
of  broods.  The  period  of  development  of  the  fruit  being  the  same 
North  and  South,  it  follows,  in  his  opinion,  that  the  number  of  broods 
would  be  the  same. 

Mr.  Felt,  in  speaking  of  the  variability  of  broods,  cited  the  elm-leaf 
beetle,  which  has  one  large  brood,  with  a  second  brood  when  the  foli- 
age is  sufficiently  fresh  and  tender  to  support  it.  He  asserted  that 
the  second  generation  was  produced  from  the  adults  of  the  first  brood 
of  larva?.  Trees  infested  with  the  second  brood  of  larva?  would  fur- 
nish adults  which  may  fly  to  neighboring  trees  and  develop  a  third 
generation.  There  may  be,  therefore,  three  well-defined  generations 
under  proper  conditions. 

Mr.  Gillette  stated  that  the  appearance  of  late  foliage  upon  the 
trees  could  hardly  account  for  the  appearance  of  a  third  brood  of  the 
insects  to  feed  upon  them.  He  did  not  believe  that  an  abundant  food 
suPPly  would  cause  the  insect  to  pass  through  another  generation. 

Mr.  Hopkins  stated  that  it  is  possible  for  the  number  of  broods 
of  an  insect  to  vary  according  to  conditions. 

Mr.  Felt  agreed  that  favorable  conditions  would  produce  additional 
broods.  The  Hessian  fly,  for  example,  according  to  his  notes,  pro- 
duced an  additional  brood  when  weather  conditions  were  favorable 
in  late-sown  barley. 

Mr.  Gillette  observed  that  if  the  codling  moth  is  three-brooded 
anywhere  it  seemed  as  though  it  should  be  at  Grand  Junction,  Colo., 
where  the  season  is  long  and  where  there  are  both  early  and  late 
apples  for  the  insects  to  feed  upon.  Extensive  observations  in  that 
locality,  however,  indicate  that  the  insect  is  definitely  two-brooded 
there. 

The  following  new  members  were  enlisted:  James  A.  Southwick, 
Providence,  R.  I.,  proposed  by  A.  H.  Kirkland;  A.  N.  Caudell,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  proposed  by  W.  H.  Ashmead. 

Mr.  E.  P.  Felt  proposed  the  name  of  J.  J.  Burden,  Stanley,  N.  Y., 
and  Dr.  James  Fletcher  proposed  the  name  of  Percy  B.  Gregson, 
Waghorn,  Alberta. 


22 


These  new  names  were  objected  to  by  Messrs.  Ashmead  and  Hop- 
kins on  the  ground  that  the  applicants  had  done  no  original  work  in 
economic  entomology,  and  upon  motion  of  Professor  Bruner  they 
were  placed  on  file.  In  this  connection  the  by-laws  touching  the 
credentials  necessary  for  membership  were  read  by  the  secretary. 

President  Gillette  then  announced  the  following  committees: 

Program  committee:  W.  M.  Scott,  E.  P.  Felt,  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell. 

Committee  on  resolutions:  A.  D.  Hopkins,  William  H.  Ashmead, 
E.  D.  Ball. 

Committee  on  nominations:  E.  P.  Felt,  Lawrence  Bruner,  William 
H.  Ashmead. 

The  report  of  the  secretary  and  treasurer  for  1900  and  1901  was  read 
and  adopted. 

Mr.  Felt  suggested  an  annual  assessment  of  50  cents  per  member  to 
defray  the  expenses  of  the  Association.  Mr.  Ashmead  moved  that  an 
annual  assessment  of  25  cents  be  placed  upon  all  members  of  the 
Association.  The  president  ruled  both  motions  out  of  order,  they 
being  contrary  to  the  constitution. 

Upon  motion  of  Dr.  Hopkins,  it  was  voted  that  each  member  present 
should  be  assessed  75  cents. 

The  meeting  then  adjourned  to  meet  at  2  p.  m. 

AFTERNOON  SESSION,  AUGUST  23,  1901. 

The  meeting  was  called  to  order  by  President  Gillette,  who  an- 
nounced a  paper  by  Mr.  E.  P.  Felt  to  be  the  first  on  the  programme. 

THE  HESSIAN  FLY  IN  NEW  YORK  STATE  IN  1901. 

By  E.  P.  Felt,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

This  pest  caused  considerable  injury  in  New  York  State  in  1899  and 
1900,  but  the  damage  inflicted  this  spring  appears,  from  all  accounts, 
to  have  been  very  much  greater  than  in  recent  years.  Wheat  passed 
the  winter  in  excellent  condition,  and  the  remark  was  made  in  my 
presence  that  farmers  would  hardly  have  thanked  anyone  for  a  guar- 
anty of  a  full  crop,  so  promising  was  the  situation  early  in  the  spring. 
The  season  was  exceptional,  and  rains  followed  each  other  in  quick 
succession,  producing  a  vigorous  growth  of  all  grasses,  so  that  the 
hay  crop  was  an  enormous  one.  So  far  as  could  be  learned,  there  was 
little  indication  of  the  work  of  this  pest  last  fall,  but  as  the  spring 
advanced  the  grain  suffered  more  and  more,  till  the  latter  part  of  June 
or  early  July,  when  reports  of  the  true  conditions  of  affairs  began  to 
come  in.  Some  allowance  was  made  in  the  case  of  the  earlier  reports, 
because  in  1900  the  injury  was  overestimated  in  some  cases,  and 
this  may  be  true  in  part  for  1901,  but  in  some  cases  it  is  not.  A  per- 
sonal investigation  of  some  of  the  infested  localities  has  convinced  me 
that  many  of  the  reports  made  to  me  were  literally  true.    I  was  shown 


23 


a  number  of  fields  which  to  me  looked  like  a  rather  rough  pasture  or 
poorly  sown  grass,  and  yet  these  were  pieces  which  had  been  seeded 
with  grass  and  sown  to  wheat  last  fall.  There  was  no  doubt  of  the 
total  failure  of  the  grain  crop  in  such  cases.  These,  however,  were 
the  worst;  all  grades  of  injury  could  be  seen.  Fields  that  escaped 
without  injury  were  quite  few  in  the  regions  visited. 

This  outbreak  was  utilized  to  secure  some  data  which  may  be  help- 
ful in  understanding  the  situation.  Special  reports  were  received 
from  about  45  fields,  located  mostly  in  Erie,  Niagara,  Genesee,  Wyo- 
ming, and  Onondaga  counties,  and  representing  about  760  acres.  Of 
these  areas,  00  per  cent  or  more  of  the  grain  on  134  acres  was  estimated 
as  lost,  85  per  cent  on  58  acres,  75  per  cent  on  83  acres,  50  per  cent  on 
176  acres,  _-r>  per  cent  on  63  acres,  and  6  to  12  per  cent  on  248  acres;  or, 
50  to  00  per  cent  or  more  of  the  grain  on  451  out  of  the  total  of  762  acres 
was  estimated  as  destroyed.  These  reports  were  not  made  on  badly 
injured  fields  alone,  but  on  others  as  well,  and  they  were  made  in  reply 
to  a  series  of  questions  formulated  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  so 
far  as  possible  the  cause  for  this  extensive  damage.  The  inquiry 
developed  the  fact  that  a  white  beardless  wheat,  known  as  No.  'i.  was 
seriously  injured  almost  without  exception,  while  the  bearded  red 
wheat,  known  as  No.  8,  escaped  with  comparatively  little  harm.  Noneof 
the  above-mentioned  reports  attributes  more  than  a  25  per  cent  injury 
to  red  wheat,  while  the  white  variety  ranges  from  that  figure  to  99  or 
inn  per  cent  destroyed.  The  white  wheat  is  a  much  heavier  yielder, 
and  is  therefore  greatly  preferred  by  farmers.  This  inquiry  was 
started  primarily  in  the  hopes  of  securing  data  on  the  date  after  which 
winter  wheat  could  be  sown  with  comparative  safety.  So  much  grain 
is  grown  in  western  New  York,  and  the  fields  are  so  near  each  other, 
that  it  was  impossible  to  secure  anything  very  definite,  except  that 
white  wheat  sown  the  latter  part  of  September  or  later  was  in  all 
probability  infested  in  the  spring  by  flies  from  overwintered  puparia 
or  "flaxseeds.*' 

Some  climatic  effects  were  also  observed.  The  continued  rains  in 
the  spring  stimulated  the  transformation  of  the  flies,  and  on  July  10 
a  number  of  fields  were  seen  where  the  spring  brood  of  the  fly  had 
completed  its  transformation  and  departed.  This  was  further  con- 
firmed by  finding  several  large  fields  of  barley,  sown  about  May  15, 
badly  infested  with  larva?  and  young  puparia  of  this  pest.  The  attacks 
on  the  barley  were  confined  largely  to  the  upper,  softer  nodes,  and  in 
at  least  one  field  the  infestation  was  very  thorough.  Every  stalk  was 
infested  with  a  few  of  the  pests,  and  8  plants  taken  at  random  con- 
tained from  10  to  54  individuals,  most  of  them  being  in  the  larval 
stage.  Curiosity  induced  me  to  bring  together  Weather  Bureau 
records  showing  the  total  precipitation  and  the  number  of  rainy  days 
in  the  growing  months  of  the  fall  of  1000  and  the  spring  of  1901.  The 
two  localities  selected  were  Alden,  Erie  County,  and  Elba,  Genesee 


24 


County,  both  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  localities  from  which 
my  reports  were  received.    The  table  is  as  follows: 


Alden,  Erie  Elba.  Genesee 

County.  County. 


Month. 

Total 
precipi- 
tation. 

Number 
of  rainy 
days. 

Total 
precipi- 
tation. 

Number 
of  rainy 

days. 

Incites. 

Inches. 

liXX>— August   

2.  4* 

2.39 

11 

September   

3.  36 

2.  09 

7 

October  

3, 16 

3. 59 

8 

November   

SA2 

16 

3.95) 

21 

1901— March..   

3.09 

I™' 

April   

4.34 

11 

4.  25 

10 

May  

4.49 

18 

5. 13 

19 

June  

1.49 

3. 38 

1(1 

It  will  be  seen"  that  last  Maj^  was  very  wet,  rain  falling  18  and  19  days, 
respectively,  in  the  two  localities,  and  it  is  no  wonder  that  the  spring 
generation  of  the  fly  thrived,  completed  its  transformations,  and  was 
ready  to  infest  late-sown  barley.  The  contrast  between  a  rank,  suc- 
culent growth  of  the  grain  and  grain  injured  by  the  Hessian  fly  was 
further  shown  on  one  hill}7  patch  of  wheat  in  which  there  was  consid- 
erable grain  on  the  gravelly,  comparatively  dry  knolls,  while  in  the 
more  moist  gullies  the  stalks  of  wheat  Avere  very  scattering. 


In  the  discussions  of  this  paper,  Mr.  Ashmead  asked  what  remedy 
Mr.  Felt  would  .coommend. 

Mr.  Felt  replied  that  late  sowing  and  trap  crops  plowed  under  were 
the  most  effective  remedies. 

Mr.  Howard  suggested  the  possibility  of  varieties  resistant  to  the 
Hessian  fly. 

Mr.  Felt  said  that  No.  8  was  said  to  be  resistant. 
Mr.  Scott  then  presented  the  following  paper: 

JARRING   FOR  THE   CURCULIO  ON   AN  EXTENSIVE   SCALE  IN 
GEORGIA,  WITH  A  LIST  OF  THE  INSECTS  CAUGHT. 

By  W.  M.  Scott  and  W.  F.  Fiske,  Atlanta.  Ga. 
CURCULIO  DAMAGE  TO  PEACHES  AND  PLUMS. 

In  Georgia,  where  peaches  and  plums  are  extensively  grown  for  mar- 
ket, perhaps  the  most  perplexing  problem  that  confronts  the  grower 
is  how  to  combat  the  curculio.  The  San  Jose  scale,  so  prevalent  in 
south  Georgia,  is  thoroughly  controlled  by  the  kerosene-water  treat- 
ment, the  peach-tree  borer  is  held  in  abeyance  by  the  cutting-out 
method,  and  the  brown  rot  is  fairly  well  controlled  with  the  Bordeaux 
treatment;  but  the  curculio  has  succeeded  in  battling  all  contrivances 
for  itsdesl  ruction,  except,  perhaps,  the  tedious  and  expensive  method 
of  jarring  the  trees  and  catching  the  beetles  on  sheets  stretched  on 
frames  made  for  that  purpose. 


Bui.  31,  New  Series,  Div.  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  I. 


Bui.  31,  New  Series:  Div.  of  Entomology,  U.  S  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  II. 


25 


A  conservative  estimate  would  place  the  annual  damage  to  peaches 
and  plums  done  by  the  curculio  in  Georgia  at  25  per  cent  of  the  entire 
crop.  Aside  from  the  work  of  the  larvae  in  the  fruit,  the  adult  beetles 
are  active  agents  in  disseminating  the  brown-rot  fungus,  as  evidenced 
by  our  observations  during  the  past  season.  In  a  number  of  orchards 
that  were  sprayed  with  Bordeaux  mixture  it  was  observed  that  brown 
rot  developed  almost  exclusively  on  fruit  that  had  been  punctured  or 
eaten  into  by  the  curculio,  and  the  point  of  brown-rot  attack  was 
usually  at  wounds  made  by  the  beetles.  It  is  evident,  then,  that  this 
insect  is  responsible  for  considerable  brown-rot  damage  either  by  actu- 
alry  conveying  the  "spores  or  by  merely  breaking  the  skin  of  the  fruit 
for  their  admission. 

THE  JARRING  METHOD  IN  THE  HALE  ORCHARD. 

Perhaps  the  most  extensive  work  against  the  curculio  that  has  ever 
been  undertaken  in  the  history  of  peach  and  plum  culture  was  con- 
ducted by  the  Hale  Georgia  Orchard  Company,  at  Fort  Valley,  Ga., 
during  the  past  season.  About  200,000  bearing  peach  trees  and  50,000 
bearing  plum  trees  were  jarred  several  times  between  April  18  and 
June  1.  The  entire  orchard  was  gone  over  about  six  times,  while 
some  blocks  of  trees,  particularly  those  adjacent  to  woods  and  other 
curculio-harboring  places,  received  the  jarring  every  day  (except 
Sundays)  between  the  dates  named.  The  operations  were  carried  on 
by  11  gangs  of  5  hands  each.  Each  gang  was  supplied  with  an  outfit 
consisting  of  two  sheets  stretched  on  the  underside  of  light  wooden 
frames,  6  by  12  feet  in  dimensions,  a  pole  8  feet  long  padded  with  rub- 
ber on  one  end  which  served  as  a  "bumper,"  and  a  supply  of  baking- 
powder  cans  in  which  to  confine  the  insects  captured.  Each  pair  of 
sheets  was  carried  by  4  women  or  children,  accompanied  by  a  man, 
who,  by  forcibly  striking  the  trunk  of  the  tree,  effected  the  jarring. 

The  several  gangs  moved  through  the  blocks  of  trees  together,  each 
taking  a  row,  as  shown  in  the  accompanying  illustrations.  About 
every  half  hour  the  sheets  were  placed  on  the  ground,  and  all  hands 
engaged  in  picking  off  curculio  and  other  insects  that  looked  sus- 
picious.   In  most  cases  the  lady-bird  beetles  were  allowed  to  escape. 

The  jarring  was  done  from  3  a.  m.  to  9  a.  m.  and  from  2  p.  m.  until 
dark.  The  best  results,  however,  were  obtained  from  the  early  morn- 
ing work.  With  the  11  pairs  of  sheets  about  40.000  trees  were  thus 
gone  over  in  a  day.    (See  Plates  I  and  II.) 

COST. 

It  required  00  hands  (men,  women,  and  children)  to  operate  the  11 
pairs  of  sheets,  and  the  cost  for  labor  amounted  to  625  per  day.  These 
gangs  of  curculio  catchers  were  employed  for  37  days,  making  the 
total  cost  for  labor$925.  Mr.  Hale  estimated  the  cost  for  keeping  the 
outfits  in  repair  at  --so.  making  the  total  cost  for  the  work  of  the  season 
$1,000. 


26 


RESULTS. 

We  furnished  Mr.  J.  H.  Baird,  superintendent  of  the  orchard,  with 
cyanide  jars  for  killing  the  insects  in  bulk  once  a  week.  As  the  lots 
came  in  they  were  gone  over  quite  carefully  and  a  collection  of  the 
different  species  occurring  therein  mounted.  These  were  afterwards 
determined,  so  far  as  practicable,  through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  L.  (). 
Howard,  by  Messrs.  F.  C.  Pratt  and  0.  Heideinann.  Portions  of  sev- 
eral lots  were  separated  and  the  curculio  counted  in  order  to  get  at 
the  relative  percentage  at  different  times  during  the  season,  and  at  the 
end  of  the  whole  was  thoroughly  mixed.  By  counting  a  definite  por- 
tion and  carefully  measuring  the  remainder  a  tolerably  exact  esti- 
mate of  the  total  number  and  percentage  was  obtained. 

The  proportions  of  curculio  in  the  catchings  as  thus  determined 
varied  from  50  to  04  per  cent,  the  average  for  the  entire  season  being 
about  67  per  cent.  The  gross  number  of  curculio  was  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  137,000. 

No  attempt  was  made  to  determine  the  percentage  of  females,  but 
if  it  be  granted  that  the  sexes  were  equally  divided  and  that  each 
female  was  capable  of  depositing  200  eggs  an  idea  can  be  had  of  the 
immense  damage  that  was  prevented  by  the  jarring  Avork. 

The  most  important  results,  however,  showed  up  in  the  small  per- 
centage of  curculio-damaged  fruit  from  the  jarred  orchard  as  coin- 
pared  with  the  adjacent  orchards  that  were  not  jarred.  It  was  quite 
impossible,  of  course,  to  arrive  at  definite  figures,  but  a  fair  estimate 
of  the  comparative  results  was  obtained  by  examining  both  the  imma- 
ture fruit  on  the  trees  and  the  ripe  fruit  as  it  came  into  the  packing 
houses. 

In  the  midst  of  the  shipping  season,  July  23,  we  made  final  notes 
on  the  work.  The  system  of  sorting  the  fruit  in  Mr.  Hale's  packing 
house  is  about  as  perfect  as  it  can  be  made  on  a  large  scale.  One 
hand  sorts  for  two  packers,  and  all  fruit  showing  curculio  damage,  rot, 
or  other  defect  is  discarded.  Out  of  one  day's  shipping  of  5  cars, 
or  2,062^  bushels,  there  were  only  20  bushels  of  culls,  or  about  1  per 
cent.  Some  damaged  fruit  is  always  overlooked  and  allowed  to  go  on 
the  market.  For  this  we  allowed  another  20  bushels.  In  this  orchard 
there  was  very  little  premature  dropping  due  to  curculio  damage,  and 
from  our  notes  we  would  place  this  amount  of  damage  about  equal 
with  the  amount  that  came  into  the  packing  house.  A  fair  estimate, 
then,  would  place  the  amount  of  curculio  damage  to  the  entire  crop 
at  4  per  cent. 

An  adjacent  orchard  of  130,000  trees  was  taken  as  a  check.  Care- 
ful notes  made  in  this  orchard  and  its  packing  house  places  the 
amount  of  damaged  fruit  at  40  per  cent  of  the  entire  crop.  The  sur- 
roundings attending  the  two  orchards  are  about  the  same,  but  it 
should  be  explained  that  the  untreated  orchard  has  never  received 
the  same  clean  cultivation  that  Mr.  Hale's  orchard  is  always  given. 


27 


This  would  certainly  account  for  a  small  part  of  the  difference  in  the 
percentages  of  damage  in  the  two  orchards. 

There  seems  to  he  no  question  as  to  the  successful  outcome  of  the 
experiment,  and  Mr.  Hale,  who  shipped  143  cars  of  fruit  from  tjje 
orchard,  considers  the  money  required  for  the  jarring  well  spent. 

A  study  of  the  collections  of  insects  made  by  thus  jarring  the  trees 
has  revealed  many  interesting  features  as  regards  the  species  present 
and  their  comparative  abundance.  About  325  species  were  mounted 
and  determined:  the  larger  part  were  found  in  insignificant  numbers, 
but  many  were  abundant.  Outside  of  the  Coleoptera  and  Hemiptera, 
very  few  of  any  order  were  taken,  and  of  these  no  record  has  been 
kept.  The  presence  in  considerable  numbers  of  the  peach  borer,  San- 
nina  exitiosa,  during  the  early  half  of  May  is,  however,  worthy  of  note. 

LIST  OF  FAMILIES  REPRESENTED. 
COLEOPTERA. 

The  Coleoptera  easily  outnumbered  the  Hemiptera,  even  without 
considering  the  immense  numbers  of  curculio,  and  many  of  the  species 
were  of  economic  interest.  The  list  of  families  represented  is  as 
follows : 

Car abid.e.— Very  few  specimens  early  in  the  season,  but  many  at  later  dates. 
Lebia.  as  might  be  expected,  was  common:  Calosoma  sayi,  icilco.vi,  and  scru- 
tator were  scarce,  but  conspicuous  from  their  size  and  color:  Platynus  was 
the  most  common  genus,  and  represented  by  several  species,  of  which  lim- 
batus  was  present  in  the  largest  numbers. 

Phalacrid.e. — Scarce. 

CocciXELLiDJE. — These  beetles,  of  such  great  economic  importance  in  reducing 
the  numbers  of  such  widely  distributed  scales  as  Aspidiotus  forbesi,  etc.,  were 
sorted  from  the  jarrings  as  made  and  set  at  liberty.  Thus  no  good  idea  could 
be  obtained  as  to  their  actual  abundance;  but,  judging  from  the  large  num- 
bers that  escaped  the  mercy  of  the  sorters,  very  large  numbers  must  have  been 
originally  present.  Thirteen  species  were  identified  (counting  Scymnus  as 
one),  the  most  of  them  known  as  scale  feeders.  The  most  common  was.  how- 
ever, Anatis  Jo-punctata,  with  a  close  second  in  Hippodamia  convergens. 
Among  those  that  have  been  especially  noted  as  feeding  on  the  scales  infesting 
peach  in  Georgia  were  Coccinella  sanguinea,  common:  GhHeonu  bwulnerus. 
common;  E.vochomus  tripustidatus,  scarce;  Hyperaspis  ssignata,  scarce. 
Scymnus  was  common,  but  the  species  are  as  yet  undetermined.  Strangely 
enough,  Adalia  bipuiictuta,  which  occurs  about  plant-lice  in  swarms,  was 
wholly  lacking. 

Endomychidjs. — Very  rare. 
Erotylid.e:.— Scarce. 

Dermestid.e,  Nitidulidje,  Trogositid.e:.  and  Dascyllid^.— All  rare. 

Elaterid.t:. — Abundant.  The  species,  however,  largely  such  as  breed  in  rotten 
wood,  such  as  the  old  stumps  often  occurring  in  orchards,  or  in  its  environs. 
For  instance.  Ahms  tnyopa  was  common  and  conspicuous;  Perothops  mueida 
was  very  common  in  some  lots,  and  in  general  the  species  were  of.  little  eco- 
nomic interest. 

Throscid.e.— Rare. 

Buprestid.e:.— Abundant.  The  collections  in  this  family  were  interesting,  prin- 
cipally on  account  of  the  abundance  of  the  genus  Chrysobothris.    C.  femorata 


28 


was  very  common  toward  the  end  of  the  season;  ( '.  azurea  was  equally  com- 
mon throughout,  and  the  same  is  true  of  C.  harrisii.  C.  sex-signata  was  less 
so,  and  a  small  form  that  may  possibly  be  a  much  dwarfed  femorata  was 
scarce.  It  seems  probable  that  all  of  these  feed  on  peach,  femorata  unques- 
tionably so.  while  azurea  has  been  noted  from  March  to  July  as  being  a  com- 
mon frequenter  of  peach  trees,  especially  when  old  and  diseased.  About  a 
dozen  other  species  of  the  family  were  taken. 

Lampyru  >.e. — Also  a  very  common  family,  certain  small  species  of  Telephorus 
being  very  abundant,  arranged  according  to  abundance.  Chauliognathus  was 
also  extremely  common  later  in  the  season. 

Malachiid.e. — Fairly  common. 

Clerid.e. — Made  fairly  common  by  the  presence  of  Clems  thoradeus  in  some 
numbers. 

Ptinid^e. — Several  species,  the  "twig  borer''  Amphicerus  bicaudatus  in  some 
numbers. 

Scarab.eid.e. — The  presence  of  Anomala  undulata  in  numbers  gave  this  family 
considerable  prominence  that  it  would  not  otherwise  have  possessed.  Lack- 
nosterna  was  unexpectedly  scarce,  though  in  some  variety:  L.  tristis  was  the 
only  common  species. 

Cerambycid^e.— Rivaled  only  by  the  Chrysomelidae  for  variety,  though  few  spe- 
cies were  abundant.  Elaphidion  villosum  was  common  through  the  season. 
In  all  about  40  species  were  found,  and  of  them  a  few  of  the  smaller  ones  were 
common. 

Chrysomelid^e. — Over  50  species  in  this  family  wrere  determined,  though  many 
of  them  were  of  bat  occasional  occurrence.  The  flea-beetles  were  represented 
by  some  very  prettily  colored  forms.  Perhaps  the  most  interesting  econom- 
ically was  Diabrotica  12-punetata.  This  was  one  of  the  most  common  of  all 
the  beetles,  and  is  quite  injurious  to  the  peach  in  early  spring,  eating  out  the 
center  of  the  blossoms  and  opening  buds.  The  potato  and  sweet-potato  beetles 
found  their  way  in  considerable  numbers  to  the  slaughter. 

Bruchid^e.—  Rare. 

Texebrionid-E.— Abundant,  represented  by  some  of  the  more  common  wood- 
eating  forms. 
Cistelid^e. — Common. 
Lagriid^e. — Quite  common. 
Melaxdryid^e. — Rare. 
P  ythid^e.  —Rare. 

MoRDELLiDiE. — Rare  until  nearly  the  end  of  the  season. 

Axthicid^. — Species  of  Notoxus  were  fairly  common,  and  later  in  the  season  these 
insects  are  among  the  most  commonly  seen  on  the  trees,  crawling  continually 
over  the  leaves  for  some  obscure  purpose. 

Meloid^e. — Rare. 

Otiorhyxchid^e. — Rare,  except  for  one  species,  Aramigus  fulleri,  which  in  some 
lots  of  the  catchings  was  very  common,  but  was  far  from  being  uniformly  so 
throughout  the  season.   What  its  habits  may  be  in  this  connection  is  a  question. 

Curculionid^e. — Conotrachelus  nenuphar  of  course  formed  a  large  proportion  of 
the  total  number  of  insects  caught,  but  a  proportion  that  lessened  as  the  season 
advanced,  varying  from  94  per  cent  under  certain  conditions  to  as  low  as  56 
per  cent  toward  the  end  of  the  season.  This  is  in  part  due,  we  think,  to  the 
fact  that  much  fewer  curculio  were  caught  and  partly,  also,  to  the  increased 
numbers  and  activity  of  other  insects.  In  addition  to  nenuphar,  the  following 
species  of  Conotrachelus  were  taken:  C.  anaglypticus  was  common,  C.  senicn- 
lus,  scarce,  and  C.  cribricollix,  scarce.  All  these  were  noted  as  being  more 
common  during  the  latter  part  of  the  season.  Others  of  this  family  were  con- 
spicuously numerous,  as  CliaUsodermus  anieus,  Anthonomus  scutellatus.  and  spe- 
cies of  Cryptorhynchus  and  Baris. 


29 


Brenthtd^e.— Rare. 

Calandrid^e. — Calandra  oryza  was  quite  common. 

Scolytidje. — Scolytus  rugulosus  was  abundant  throughout  the  season  and  formed 
a  considerable  percentage  of  the  insects  outside  of  curculio. 

Anthribid.*:. — Common,  and  represented  by  several  species.  The  rare  Cratoparis 
lugubris  was  not  uncommon  in  one  catching,  but  the  individuals  received  were 
in  a  state  of  decomposition  that  spoiled  them  for  specimens. 

Hemiptera— Heteroptera. 

The  Hemiptera  were  very  interesting,  embracing  as  they  did  insects  of  - 
quite  varying  economic  status.  The  number  of  families  at  all  common 
were  limited,  and,  strangely  enough,  the  Capsidaj  were  wholly  without 
representatives.  Any  one  of  a  dozen  species  could  be  selected  from  the 
Capsidse  or  Pentatomidse  that  would  outnumber  in  individuals  all  the 
other  species  of  bugs  together,  saving,  perhaps,  the  Pyrrochoricla3. 

Corimel.exid^.— Scarce. 
Cydnid^.—  Rare. 
Scutellerid^.— Scarce. 

Pentatomid^e. — Abundant,  including  both  predaceous  and  phytophagous  forms. 
Stiretrus  unchorago  was  common,  with  both  white  and  orange  ground  color  and 
much  variety  as  to  detail  of  markings.  Podisus  was  abundant,  but  the  mate- 
rial has  not  yet  been  thoroughly  worked  over  for  species.  Four  or  five  species 
of  the  large  flat  Brochymena  were  more  or  less  abundant,  especially  toward 
close  of  season.  CEbalus  pugnax  was  abundant.  Euschistus,  the  most  com- 
mon genus  of  all,  was  represented  by  servus,  tristigmus,  and  crassus  in  order 
of  abundance.    About  25  species  in  all  were  taken  in  this  family. 

Coreidje. — This  family  was  also  abundantly  represented  and  by  species  of  the 
highest  economic  importance,  foremost  among  them  being  large  quantities  of 
the  leaf-f ooted  plant  bugs.  Falling  in  this  group  were :  Acanthocephala  declivis, 
common  and  conspicuous  from  its  gigantic  size;  Metapodius  femoratus,  to 
which  the  same  remarks  apply:  31.  instabilis,  rare;  Leptoglossus  oppositus, 
abundant;  L.  phyllopus,  still  more  abundant  (these  two  latter  species  formed 
10  per  cent  of  the  total  catchings  in  some  cases) ;  L.  corcidus,  rare;  L.  n.  sp., 
rare.  The  injury  which  these  insects  do  in  an  orchard  must  be  considerable. 
They  sometimes  occur  in  swarms  on  the  trees,  flying  freely  about  from  one  to 
another,  and  piercing  and  sucking  green,  ripe,  and  rotten  fruit  promiscuously. 
There  can  be  little  question  but  that  they  thus  act  as  agents  in  the  dissemina- 
tion of  brown  rot,  and  very  effectively  in  a  climate  so  conducive  to  the  devel- 
opment of  this  disease  as  Georgia.  Entlioctha  galeator,  a  species  that  is  often- 
times a  serious  pest  to  nursery  stock,  piercing  and  sucking  the  terminal  shoot, 
thus  causing  it  to  wither  and  the  stock  to  branch,  was  caught  in  some  num- 
bers. Chariesterm  antennator  was  abundant,  and  in  all  17  species  referable 
to  the  family  were  taken. 

Berytidje.— Rare. 

Lyg^eid^e. — Scarce,  on  the  whole.  Several  species  of  Lygaeus;  one,  turcicus,  fairly 
common. 

Pyrrhocorid^. — Common:  represented  by  Largns  succinctus. 
AradidjE.— Rare. 
Nabid.-e. — Rare. 

Reduviid.'E.—  Represented  by  half  a  dozen  species,  all  scarce  or  rare. 

HEMIPTERA — HOMOPTERA. 

Poorly  represented  by  a  few  Fulgorids,  Jassids,  and  Membracids? 
none  of  them  common. 


30 


LIST  OF  INSECTS  CAUGHT  FROM  PEACH  AND  PLUM  TREES  IN  JARRING 

FOR  THE  CURCULIO. 

COLEOPTERA. 


CARABIDiE. 

Caloftoma  scrutator  Fab.   Leas  rare  than 

wilcoxi  or  sayi. 
Calosoma  wilcoxi  Lec.  Rare. 
Calosoma  sayi  Dej.  Rare. 
Pasimachus  marginatus  Fab.  One. 
Amara  spp,   Fairly  common. 
Calathus  opaculus  Lec.    Common  to- 
ward end  of  season. 
Platynus  Umbatus  Say.    Not  found  in 

catchings  until  end  of  season,  but  then 

abundantly. 
Platynus  sp.  Scarce. 
Nemotarsus  elegans  Lec.  Rare. 
Lebia.  viridis  Say.  Common. 
Lebia  analis  Say.  Rare. 
Lebia  scapularis  Dej.  Rare. 
Philophuga  mridicollis   Lec.  Fairly 

common. 
Chlcenius  tomentosus  Say.  Rare. 
Harpalus  spp.    Fairly  common  toward 

end  of  season. 
Anisodactylus    rusticus    Say.  Fairly 

common  toward  end  of  season. 
Anisodactylus  terminatus  Say.  Rare. 

PHALACRIDiE. 

Olibrus  spp.  Common. 

COCCINELLID^. 

Megilla  maculata  DeG.  Abundant. 
Hippodamia  glacialis  Fab.    One  only. 
Hippodamia  convergens  Guer.  Com- 
mon. 

Coccinella  affinis  Rand.  Rare. 

Coccinella  affinis  var.  venusta  Melsh. 
One  specimen  only. 

Coccinella  sanguinea  Linn.  Common. 

Anatis  15-punctata  Oliv.  Abundant. 

My sia pullata  Say.  Common. 

Psyllobora  20-maeulata  Say.  One  speci- 
men only. 

Ch  ileorus  bividnerus  Muls.  Common. 

Exochomus  tripustulata  DeG.  Scarce. 

Exochomus  pilatii  Muls.  Scarce. 

Hyperaspis  signata  Oliv.  Rare. 

Scymnus  spp.  Common. 

ENDOMYCHIDiE. 

Aphorista  vittata  Fab.  Rare. 


EROTYLID^E. 

Languria  mozardi  Lec.  Fairly  com- 
mon. 

Languria  gracilis  Newn.  One  speci- 
men only. 

Tritoma  f  estiva  Lec.  Rare. 

Tritoma  thoracica  Say.  Less  rare  than 
f estiva. 

DERMESTID^E. 

Trogoderma  ornatum  Say.  Rare. 

NITIDULID^E. 

Epurcea  labilis  Er.  Rare. 

trogositid^:. 
Trogosita  virescens  Fab.  Rare. 

DASCYLLID^E. 

Prion ocyphon  discoideus  Say.  One  speci- 
men only. 
Helodes  pidchella  Guer.  Rare. 

ELATERIDiE. 

Adelocera  discoidea  Web.  Fairly  com- 
mon. 

Lacon  rectangularis  Say.    Common  at 

end  of  season. 
Alans  ocellatus  Linn.  Rare. 
Alaus  myops  Fab.  Common. 
Cardiophorus  sp. 
Elater  linteus  Say.    One  only. 
Ludius  texanus  Lec.  Common. 
Melanotus  leonardi  Lec.  Rare. 
Melanotus  communis  Gyll.  Common. 
Melanotus  sp.  I.  Common. 
Melanotus  sp.  II.  Common. 
Limonius  griseus  Beau  v.  Common. 
Limonius  sp.  I.    One  specimen  only. 
Limonius  sp.  II.  Common. 
Sericosomus  silaceus  Say.  Common. 
Melanactes  morio  Fab.    Common  late 

in  the  season. 
Perothops  mucida  Gyll.    Common  early 

in  the  season. 

THROSCID^. 

Drapetes  geminatus  Say.  One  specimen 
only. 


31 


COLEOPTERA— Continued. 


BUPRESTIDiE. 

Ckalcophora  virginiensis  Dru.  Fairl}T 
common. 

Chalocopkora  georgiana  Lec.  Fairly 
common. 

Dicerca  obscura  Fab.  Common. 

Buprestis  lineata  Say.  Several  speci- 
mens. 

Buprestis  striata  Fab.  One  specimen 
only. 

Buprestis  decora  Fab.  Several  speci- 
mens. 

Melanophila  notata  Lap.  &  Gory.,  Sev-* 

eral  specimens. 
Ardhaxia  viridifrons  Lap.  Rare. 
Anthaxia  cyanella  Gory.  Rare. 
Anthaxia  flavimana  Gory.  Rare. 
Chrysobothris  femorata  Fab.  Common. 
Chrysobothris  6-signata  Say.  Fairly 

common. 

Chrysobothris  chrysoela  DaCosta.  Com- 
mon. 

Ch  rysobothris  liarrisii  Hentz.  Common. 
Chrysobothris  sp.    Several  specimens. 
Acmceodera  cult  a  Web.  Rare. 
Agrilus  sp.    Several  specimens. 
Br  achy  s  ozrosa  Mels.    Fairly  common. 

lampyrid^e. 

Eros  humeralis  Rand.    Fairly  common. 

Photuris  pennsylvanica  DeG.  Scarce. 

Chauliognathus  m  a  rginatus  Fab. 
Abundant  toward  the  end  of  the  sea- 
son. 

Caloehromus  perfaeeta  Say.  Common. 

Podabrus  f rater  Lec.  Common. 

Telephorus  Hneola  Fab.  Common  to- 
ward the  end  of  the  season. 

Telephorus  sp.  Common. 

Telephorus  bilineatus  Say.  Scarce. 

Polemius  Jaticornis  Say.  Fairly  com- 
mon. 

MALACHIIDJE. 

Collops  eximius  Er.  Common. 
Collops 4-rriaculatus  Fab.  Lesscommon 

than  eximius. 
Tanaops  longipes  Lec.  Scarce. 

CLERID^E. 

Elasmocerus  terminatus  Say.  Fairly 
common. 


cleridvE — con  tin  ued . 

Clems  thoracicus  Oliv.  Fairly  common. 
Chariessa  pilosa  Forst.  Rare. 
Orthopleura  damicornisF'dh.  One  speci- 
men only. 

PTINID^E. 

Ernobius  mollis  Linn.  Common. 
Sinoxylon  basilar e  Say.  Rare. 
Amphicerus  bicaudatus  Say.  Common. 

SCARAB^ID^. 

Canthon  probus  Germ.  Rare. 
Canthon praticola  Lec.  Rare. 
Aphodius  sp.  Rare. 
Serica  sericea  111.  Rare. 
Diplotaxis  puberula  Lec.  Scarce. 
Diplotaxis  sp.  Rare. 
Lachnosterna  arcuata  Smith.  Rare. 
Lachnosterna  fusca  Froehl.  Rare. 
Lachnosterna  erenidata  Froehl.  Rare. 
Lachnosterna  cognata  Burin.  Fairly 
common. 

Lachnosterna  luctuosa  Horn.  Fairly 
common, 

Lachnosterna  tristis  Fab.  Common. 

Anomala  minuta  Burm.  Rare. 

Anoniala  undulata  Mels.  Abundant, 
especially  early  in  the  season. 

Euph oria  sepulchralis  Fab.  Fairly  com- 
mon toward  end  of  season. 

Euphoria  fulgida  Fab.  Scarce. 

Trich ins  piger  Fab.  Several. 

Valgus  squamiger  Beauv.  Rare. 

Valgus  canaliculars  Fab.  Rare. 

CERAMBYCID^E. 

Asemum  moestum  Hald.  Rare. 
PJn/matodes  amcenus  Say.    Fairly  com- 
mon. 

Phymatodes  varius  Fab.  Rare. 

Chion  ductus  Dru.  Rare. 

Elaphidion  mncronatum  Fab.  Several 
specimens  in  the  last  catching. 

Elaphidion  villosum  Fab.  Abundant. 
The  most  common  Cerambycid,  ex- 
cept possibly  Hypcrplatys  i:iaculatus. 

Elaphidion  u  a  icol 'or  Rand.  One  speci- 
men only. 

Heterachthes  ebenns  Newn.  One  of  the 
more  common  Cerainbycids. 


COLEOPTER  A— Continued. 


oerambycidje— continued. 

Ancylocera  bicolor  Oliv.  Rare. 

Elytroleptus  floAdanus  Lec.  One  speci- 
men only. 

Batyle  suturalis  Say.  Rare. 

Stenosphenus  dolosxs  Horn.  Common. 

Clytus  marginicollis  Lap.  Only  one 
specimen. 

Xylotrech  us  colonus  Fab.  Rare. 

Neoclytus  erythrocephalus  Fab.  Rare. 

Eitderces  picipes  Fab.  Rare. 

Euderces  pini  Oliv.  Rare. 

Rhagium  lineatum  Oliv.  One  specimen 
only. 

Acmozops  bivittata  Say.  Rare. 

AcmcBops  discoidea  Hald.  Rare. 

Typocerus  zebratusF&b.  Not  an  uncom- 
mon species. 

Leptura  eruentata  Hald.  Rare. 

Monohamnus  titillator  Fab.  Fairly 
common. 

Acanthoderes  decipiens  Hald.  Common 

in  the  last  catching. 
IAopus  crassidus  Lec.    One  specimen 

only. 

Liopus  variegatus  Hald.  Rare. 

Hyperplatys  aspersus  Say.  Almost  as 
common  as  macidatus. 

Hyperplatys  macidatus  Hald.  One  of 
the  most  common  Cerambycids. 

Acanthocinus  obsoletus  Oliv.  Rare. 

Acanthocinus  nodosus  Fab.  One  speci- 
men only. 

Ecyrus  dasycerus  Lec.  Several  speci- 
mens. 

Eupogonins  tomeutosus  Hald.  Quite 

common  toward  the  end  of  the  season. 
Hippopsis  lemniscata  Fab.  Rare. 
Ataxia  crypta  Say.    Rare  at  first,  but 

more  common  than  Elaphidion  villo- 

sum  in  the  last  catchings. 
Saperda  lateralis  Fab.    One  specimen 

only. 

Tetrops  jucunda  Lec.  One  specimen 
only. 

CHRYSOMELIDiE. 

Donacia  aequalis  Say.  One  specimen 
only. 

Donacia  sp.    One  specimen  only. 


chrysomelid.e— continued. 

Lema  eomuta  Fab.  Rare. 

Lema  sayi  Cr.  Rare. 

Babic  fy-guttata  Oliv.  Fairly  common 
in  the  last  catchings. 

Chlamys  plicata  Fab.  Rare. 

Cryptocephalus  .'riii<inil<ti //.sSay.  Com- 
mon. 

Cryptocepliah  is4-maculatusYQ.v.notatu& 
Fab.  Common. 

Cryptocephalus  sp.    One  specimen  only. 

Pachybracliys  morosus  Hald.  Common. 

Pach  ybrachys  carbonarius  Hald.  Rare. 

Pachybracliys  luridus  Fab.  Common. 

Pachybracliys  subfasciatus  Hald.  Sev- 
eral specimens. 

Pach  ybrach  ys  striatus  Lec.  Rare. 

Xanthoma  10-notata  Say.  Common. 

Glyptoscelis  pubesceus  Fab.  Rare. 

Myochrous  denticollis  Say.  Rare. 

Typophorus  canellus  Fab.  Not  com- 
mon. 

Metachroma  quercata  Fab.  Rare. 
Metachroma  hiridum  01.  Rare. 
Colaspis  brunnea  var.  costipennis  Cr. 

Common  toward  the  end  of  the  season. 
Dorypliora  10-lineata  Say.  Rare. 
Doryphora  juncta  Germ.    Common  at 

times. 

Ch  rysomela  similis  Rog.  Several  speci- 
mens. 

Ch  rysomela  bigsbyana  Kirby.  Only  one 
specimen. 

Lina  lapponica  Linn.  Rare. 

Lina  scripta  Fab.  Common. 

Diabroiica  U-punctata  Fab.  Abun- 
dant. 

Diabrotica  vittata  Fab.  A  few  speci- 
mens only. 

Cerotoma  trifurcata  Forst.  Common. 

Blepharida  rhois  Forst.  One  specimen 
only. 

CEdionychis  thoracica  Fab.  Common. 
CEdionychis  vians  111.  Rare. 
CEdionychis peta u  vista  Fab.    One  speci- 
men only. 
I  CEdionychis  miniata  Fab.  Common. 
'  CEdionychis  scalar  is  Mels.  Rare. 
Disonycha  pennsylvanica  111.  Fairly 
common. 


33 


chrysomelid^e — continued. 

Disonycha  caroliniana  Fab.  Fairly 
common. 

Disonycha    discoidea    Fab.  Several 

specimens. 
Disonycha    tibbreviata   Mels.  Fewer 

specimens  than  of  discoidea. 
Disonycha  5-vittata  Say.  One  specimen 

only. 

Haltica  chalybea  111.  Common. 

Haltica  ignita  111.  Not  nearly  so  com- 
mon as  chalybea. 

Haltica  rufa  111.    One  specimen  only. 

Crepidodera  helxines  Linn.  Common. 

Systena  elongata  Fab.  Several  speci- 
mens. 

Odontota  scapidaris  Oliv.  One  speci- 
men only. 

Odontota  clorsalis  Thunb.  One  speci- 
men only. 

Odontota  rubra  Web.  One  specimen 
only. 

Cassicla  bivittata  Say.    Common  in  the 

later  catchings. 
Coptocycla  aurichalcea  Fab.  Fairly 

common. 

Coptocycla  guttata  Oliv.  Fairly  com- 
mon. 

Coptocycla  pur  pur  ata  Boh.  Rare. 
Chelymorpha  argas  Licht.  Rare. 

BRUCHIDJE. 

Spermophagus  robinice  Sch.  One  speci- 
men only. 

TENEBRIONID.-E. 

Oputrinus  aciculatus  Lec.  Rare. 
Arrhenoplita  viridipennis  Fab.  Rare. 
Platydema  ruficornis  Sturm.  Scarce. 
Helops americanus  Beauv.  Common. 
Hclops  cisteloides  Germ.  Abundant. 
Polypleurus  gemi natus  Sol.  Rare. 

CISTELID^E. 

Hymenorus  obscurus  Say.  Common. 
Hymenorus  dorsalisSz.  Common. 
Hymenorus  sp.  I.  Common. 

.     11823— No.  31— 01  :J 


LA— Contined. 

cistelid^ — continued. 

.  Hymenorus  sp.  II.   Common  toward  the 

end  of  the  season. 
Isomera  sericea  Say.  Common. 
Capnochroa  femoralis   Mels.  Fairly 

common  in  the  last  catchings. 
Chromatia  amcena  Say.  Rare. 

LAGRIIDiE. 

Statira  gagatina  Mels.  Fairly  common 
late  in  the  season. 

MONOMMIDJE. 

Hyporhagus punetidatus  Thorn.  Rare 

MELANDRYID^E. 

Hypidus  (liturata) .  One  specimen  only. 
Eustrophus  tomentosus  Say.  Scarce. 

PYTHID^E. 

Boros  unicolor  Say.  Rare. 

MORDELIDJE. 

Mordella  8-punctata  Fab.  Common  in 
the  last  catching. 

Mordella  sp.  Several  in  the  last  catch- 
ing. 

Glypocles  helva  Lec.  Scarce. 
Mordellistena  sp.  Scarce. 

ANTHICIDJE. 

Eurygenius  wildii  Lec.  Fairly  com- 
mon. 

Notoxus  nuperus  Horn.  Fairly  com- 
mon. 

Notoxus  bicolor  Say.  Rare. 

MELOIDJE. 

Macrobasis  unicolor  Kirby.  Rare. 
Epicauta  vittata  Fab.  Rare. 

RHINOMACERID^E. 

Rhinomacer  elongatus  Lec.  Rare. 

RHYNCHITID.-E. 

Pterocolus  ovatus  Fab.   Fairly  common. 


34 


COLEOPTER  A— Continued. 


OTIORHYXCHIDiE. 

Pandeletejus  hilaris  Hbst.  Rare. 
Aramigus  fvlleri  Horn.    Abundant,  es- 
pecially in  the  early  catchings. 

CURCULIONIDJE. 

Apiou  spp.  Common. 
Pachylobius  picivorus  Germ.  Abun- 
dant. 

Hylobius  pales  Hbst.  A  few  specimens 
only. 

Lixus  concavus  Say.  Rare. 
Lixus  musculus  Say.  Rare. 
Otidocepl talus  chevrolatii  Horn.  Rare. 
Coccotorus  scutellaris  Lec.  Rare. 
Anthonomus  scutellatus  Gyll.  Abun- 
dant. 

Anthonomus  siduralis  Lec.  Rare. 

Lcemosaccus  plagiatus  Fab.  Rare. 

Conotrachelus  nenuphar  Hbst.  Ex- 
tremely abundant. 

Conotrachelus  seniculus  Lec.  Fairly 
common. 

Conotrachelus  cribricollis  Say.  Not 
common. 

Conotrachelus  anaglypticus  Say.  Com- 
mon. 

Chalcodermus  aniens  Boh.  Common. 


curculionid/E— continued. 

PJiyrdenus  vndatus  Lec.     Fairly  com- 
mon. 

Crypt  or!  tynehus  sp.  I.  Common. 
CryjDtorhynchus  sp.  II.  Rare. 
Baris  umbilicaia  Lec.  Rare. 
Ban's  transversa  Say. 
Baris  spp.  Abundant. 
Trichobaris  trinotata  Say.  Rare. 
Madams  undidatus  Say.  Rare. 
Centrinus  picumnus  Hbst.  Rare. 

BRENTHID^E. 

Eupsalis  minuta  Dru.    Several  speci- 
mens. 

CALANDRIDvE. 

Calandra  oryza  Linn.    Quite  common. 

SCOLYTID^. 

Scolytus  rugidosus  Ratz.  Abundant. 

ANTHRIBIDJE. 

Toxotropis  pusillus  Lec.  Common. 
Anthribus  cornutus  Say.  Common. 
Cratoparis  lunatus  Fab.  Common. 
Cratoparis  lugubris  Oliv.   Several  spec- 
imens in  one  catching. 


HEMIPTERA— HETEROPTERA. 


CORIMELJENID^ . 

Corimelaina  unicolor  Pal.  Beauv.  Fairly 
common. 

Corimelaina  nitididoides  Wolff.  Fairly 
common. 

SCUTELLERIDiE. 

Aulacostethus  marmoratus  Say.  Fairly 
common. 

Aulacostethus  simulans  Uhl.  Fairly 
common. 

Camirus  p>orosus  Germ.  Rare. 

Orsilochus  guttatus  H.  Schf.  One  spec- 
imen only. 

CYDNID^E. 

Pangams  uhleri  Sign.  Fairly  com- 
mon. 

Sehirus  ductus  Pal.  Beauv.  Rare. 


PENTATOMIDJE. 

Stiretrus  anchor  ago  Fab.    Fairly  com- 
mon. 

Podisus  spinosus  Dall.  Common. 
Podisus  modestus  Dall.  Common. 
Proxys  punctidatus  Pal  Beauv.  One 

specimen  only. 
Podops  cinctipes  Say.  Rare. 
Brochymena  carolinensis  Westw.  Rare. 
Brochymena  arborea  Say.  Rare. 
Brochymena  ^-pustidata  Fab.  Fairly 

common. 

Brochymena  anmdata  Fab.  Common. 
Neottiglossa  cavifrons  Stal.    One  speci- 
men only. 
CEbalus pugnax  Fab.  Common. 
Mormidea  lugens  Fab.  Common. 
Euschistus  servus  Say.  Abundant. 
Euschistus  t  ristigmusSay.  Common. 


35 


HEMIPTERA— HETEROPTER  A— Continued. 


pentatomidjs — continued. 

Euschistus  crassus  Dall.  Rare. 
Lioderma  uhleri  Stal.  Rare. 
Tricltopepla  semivittata  Say.  Rare. 
Peribalus  limbolaris  Stal.  Common. 
TJiyantha  custator  Fab.  Common. 
Murgantia    histrionica    Hahn.  One 

specimen  only. 
Nezara  pennsylvanica  DeG.  Rare. 
Nezam  hilarisSaj.  Common. 
Banasa  dimidiata  Say.  Common. 
Bdnasd  packardii  Stal.    Less  common 

than  dimidiata. 
Dendrocoris    humeralis    Uhl.  Fairly 

common. 

Dendrocoris  fruticicola    Bergr.  One 
specimen  only. 


COREIBvE. 


Fab.  Corn- 


One  speci- 
Fairly 


Chariesterus  antennator 
moD. 

CJielinidea  vittigera  Uhl. 

men  only. 
Coryriocoris    distinctus  Dall. 

common. 
Archimerua  calcarator  Fab.  Rare. 
Euthoctha  galeator  Fab.  Common. 
Acanthocephala    declivis    Say.  Quite 

common. 

Metapodius  femoratus  Fab.  Common. 

Metapodius  instabilis  Uhl.  Several 
specimens. 

Leptoglossus  phyllopus  Linn.  Abun- 
dant. • 

Leptoglossus  corculns  Say.  Rare. 
Leptoglossus  oppositusS&y.  Abundant. 
Leptoglossus  n.    sp.     Several  speci- 
mens. 

Anasa  tristis  DeG.  Rare. 
Anasa  annigera  Say.  Rare. 


coreid.p: — continued. 

Alydus  eurinus  Say.  Rare. 
Harmostes  reflexulus  Stal.  Rare. 
Corizns    punctiventris    Dall.  Fairly 
common. 

BERYTID^. 

Jalysus  spin <>s us  Say.  Rare. 

LYG^EIDJE. 

Nysius  angustatas  Uhl.    Rare.  . 
Ischnorynehus  didymus  Zett.  Rare. 
Geocoris  borealis  Dall.  Rare. 
Oedancala  dorsalis  Say.  Rare. 
Pamera  vincta  Say.    Fairly  common. 
Dorachosa  illuminatus  var.  umbrosus 

Dist.  Rare. 
Lygcens    turdcus    var.    kalmii  Stal. 

Fairly  common. 
Lygceus  bicrucis  Say.  Scarce. 
Lygceus  facet  us  Say.  Rare. 
Oncopeltus fa^ciatus  Dall.  Scarce. 

PYRRHOCORID.-E. 

Largus  succinct  us  Linn.  Common. 

ARADID^. 

Brachyrhynchus  granulatus  Say.  Rare. 

NABIDJE. 

Coriscus  sordidus  Reut.  Rare. 

REDUVIID^E. 

Sinea  spinipes  H.  S.    Fairly  common. 
MUyas  ductus  Fab.  One  specimen  only. 
Zelus  luridus  Stal.  Rare. 
Zelus  socius  Uhl.  Rare. 
Apiomerus  crassipesFaib.   Several  spec- 
imens. 

Myodocha  series  Oliv.    Several  speci- 


HEMIPTERA— HOMOPTERA. 


JASSIDJB. 


MEMBRACID^. 


Homalodisca  coagulata   Say.    Several  Tylopelta  gibbera  Stal.  Rare. 

specimens.  Stictocephala  festina  Say.  Fairly  com- 
Oncometopia  undat a  Fab.    Fairly  com-  mon. 

Iuon-  Archasia  auricrdata  Fitch.  Rare. 
Oncometopia  costalis  Fab.    Fairlv  com- 
mon. FULGORIDJ-. 

Aulacizes  irroratus  Fab.    Common.  A  single  specimen  of  a  large  species. 


36 


Mr.  Ashmead  said  thai  it  was  very  gratifying  that  something  was 
being  done  with  the  curculio  problem,  and  he  recounted  some  of  the 
difficulties  which  attended  the  attempt  toward  its  control.  He  men- 
tioned its  parasite  (Sigalphus  curculioniSj  Fitch)  and  suggested  that 
if  it  did  not  already  occur  in  Georgia  it  be  introduced. 

Mr.  Bruner  spoke  of  the  great  variety  of  insects  caught,  and  expressed 
a  desire  to  see  the  complete  list. 

Mr.  Hopkins  suggested  that  many  of  the  insects  would  fly  away  in 
the  process  of  jarring,  and  for  that  reason  all  the  insects  that  might 
occur  on  the  trees  would  not  be  taken.  He  thought  that  most  of  the 
Laehnosterna  might  thus  escape,  but  that  a  better  explanation  of  the 
scarcity  of  these  insects  in  the  catchings  was  probably  in  the  fact  that 
for  some  reason  they  were  not  generally  abundant  this  season.  He 
also  spoke  of  the  interesting  relations  existing  between  insects  and 
fungi,  as  referred  to  in  the  paper  comparing  the  curculio  and  the  leaf- 
footed  bugs  in  their  relation  to  the  brown-rot  fungus  with  the  mutual 
dependence  between  certain  Scolytids  and  the  fungus  with  which  they 
are  closely  associated,  in  causing  the  death  and  rapid  decay  of  forest 
trees. 

Mr.  Scott  said  that  the  operation  was  conducted  during  the  early 
morning  hours  when  the  insects  of  nearly  all  sorts  were  in  a  semi- 
dormant  condition,  and  on  this  account  many  species  Avere  taken 
which  would  not  have  been  later  in  the  day.  The  leaf-footed  bugs 
might  be  cited  as  examples,  for,  though  captured  in  numbers,  they 
are  among  the  most  active  insects.  It  would  have  been  possible  to 
have  listed  many  species  of  Hymenoptera,  Diptera,  Lepidoptera,  etc., 
but  it  was  not  thought  advisable  because  the  specimens  were  in  a 
badly  mutilated  condition. 

Mr.  Galloway  said  that  the  agency  of  insects  in  disseminating  brown 
rot  was  a  point  that  should  be  taken  into  account  in  the  treatment  of 
this  disease. 

Mr.  Howard  thought  that  while  cheap  labor  made  the  jarring 
method  practicable  in  Georgia,  in  the  North  the  higher  price  for  labor 
might  make  it  too  expensive. 

Mr.  Ehrhorn  said  that  this  pest  did  not  exist  in  California  and  that 
the  fruit  growers  there  were  in  great  fear  of  its  introduction. 

Mr.  Gillette  said  that  so  far  as  he  knew  it  did  not  occur  in  Colorado, 
and  that  they  also  entertained  fears  of  its  introduction. 

Mr.  Bruner,  Mr.  Howard,  and  others,  thought  it  would  add  much 
to  the  value  of  this  paper  if  it  were  accompanied  by  a  complete  list  of 
the  insects  taken  in  the  jarring  operation,  and  the  writers  were 
requested  to  furnish  the  list  for  publication. 

Mr.  Ball  then  presented  the  following  paper: 


37 


A  SIMPLE  FORM  OF  ACCESSIONS  CATALOGUE. 

By  E.  D.  Ball.  Fort  Collins,  Colo. 

This  Association  has  listened  in  the  past  to  three  excellent  papers 
on  organization  methods  in  economic  entomology,  and  any  State  worker 
at  the  present  time  who  has  not  a  thoroughly  satisfactory  system  of 
recording  his  observations  can  not  do  better  than  carefully  study  the 
papers  presented  on  this  subject  by  Dr.  Forbes,  Dr.  Hopkins,  and 
Professor  Webster;  and  if  his  department  has  an  abundance  of  cler- 
ical help  he  probably  can  not  do  better  than  to  adopt  one  of  these 
systems.  On  the  other  hand,  if  his  working  force  is  somewhat  limited 
the  modification  hereafter  suggested  is  submitted  for  his  consideration. 
The  author  has,  however,  no  intention  of  offering  a  system  in  compe- 
tition with  either  of  these,  but  simply  of  suggesting  one  or  two  modi- 
fications that  can  be  used  in  connection  with  any  of  these  systems  or 
a  modified  sj'stem  to  be  used  Avhen  it  is  impossible  to  carry  out  a  more 
elaborate  one  in  detail. 

The  average  working  force  of  our  stations  in  economic  entomology 
does  not  exceed  two  men,  and  if  the  division  of  salary  be  an}7  criterion 
then  not  over  one-third  to  one-half  of  their  time  is  devoted  to  the  eco- 
nomic work.  Now,  under  such  conditions  it  would  be  impracticable 
to  maintain  a  system  of  recording  requiring  the  expenditure  of  any 
considerable  amount  of  time  in  the  clerical  part  and  at  the  same  time 
carry  on  any  very  extended  experimentation,  hampered  as  they  are 
by  the  ordinary  routine  of  the  college  work. 

Another  important  factor  that  may  well  be  considered  here  is  that 
in  this  combination  of  college  and  station  not  all  collecting  is  along 
economic  lines,  but  that  one  of  the  duties  as  a  college  officer  is  to  build 
up  a  systematic  collection,  an  obligation  requiring  almost  endless  years 
of  careful  and  thorough  work.  Naturally  enough  this  work  and  that 
of  the  station  is  carried  on  at  the  same  time,  and  it  would  seem  that 
the  best  system  of  recording  for  the  smaller  stations,  and,  in  fact,  for 
the  great  majority  of  our  stations,  would  be  that  in  which  the  two  dif- 
ferent objects  could  be  combined,  and  that  with  a  minimum  amount 
of  clerical  work,  label  writing,  bookkeeping,  etc 

The  following  system  which  was  experimented  with  by  the  author 
and  finally  adopted  at  the  Iowa  station,  and  which  has  been  used  in 
the  Colorado  station  for  three  years,  seems  to  meet  these  require- 
ments and  at  the  same  time  furnish  a  broad  enough  basis  on  which  to 
build  up  any  one  of  the  complete  systems,  if  one  chooses  to  do  so. 

In  this  system,  which  ma}'  be  conveniently  called  the  date  system 
from  its  fundamental  principle,  the  accession  catalogue  contains  one 
entry  for  each  trip  or  special  collection,  this  entry  being  in  the  form 
of  a  date,  giving  the  year,  month,  and  day;  then  every  specimen  as  it 
is  labeled  up,  in  place  of  an  accessions  catalogue  number,  as  in  ordi- 
nary way,  bears  the  place  of  capture  and  the  date  on  a  single  small 
label. 


38 


When  a  collection  is  made,  the  first  thing  to  do  is  to  write  up  the 
accessions  catalogue.  To  do  this,  write  the  date  in  the  left-hand  col- 
umn in  figures,  the  month  first,  as  0-12,  the  year  being  written  only 
once — at  the  top  of  each  page.  In  the  second  column  write  the 
locality  just  as  it  appears  on  the  label,  and  in  the  third  column  the  spe- 
cial locality  where  these  insects  were  taken.  In  the  next  column 
write  the  name  or  simply  the  initials  of  the  collector.  Then  for  the 
rest  of  the  width  of  the  page  any  notes  of  value  on  anything  taken, 
as  in  any  other  system.  I  usually  here  outline  the  exact  trip  taken, 
the  stops  made,  the  particular  plants  collected  from,  etc.,  noting  as  I 
go  along  any  facts  that  will  add  to  existing  knowledge.  In  this  way 
if  there  is  anything  to  record  it  is  written  out,  and  if  there  is  nothing 
special  to  note  or  only  facts  that  have  been  noted  many  t  imes  before, 
the  simple  date  and  trip  note  will  be  sufficient.  Oftentimes  in  this  Avay 
when  the  life  history  or  food  plant  of  a  species  has  been  made  out,  a 
great  deal  of  additional  information  or  confirmation  can  be  gained 
from  these  short  notes;  while  any  deductions  made  at  that  time  would 
probably  have  been  erroneous.    A  sample  form  follows : 

1901. 


6-12 


Fort  Collins.-  R.  R.  south  


8-3 


8-15 


Durango 
Colo. 


Fort  Collins.. 


Up  hill  east. 


North  6  miles  . 


E.  D.  B 


E.  D.  B. 


C  P.  Gr 


Nysius  minutus  found  abdt,  in  strawberry  bed 
sucking  the  juice  from  the  berries  as  fast  as 
they  ripen.  'They  were  clustered  on  a  turn 
ble  weed  (Monulepis),  which  appeared  to  be 
their  breeding  place.  On  south  to  alfalfa 
field  found  Metanophis  bivittatus  larvae, 
small  to  half  -grown,  abdt.  on  margins  and 
ditch  banks.  Swept  Jassida^  and  Cercopidae 
from  Agropyrum  glaucum.  On  over  to  dry 
pond  took  Laccocera  abdt.,  both  sexes,  from 
dry  ground,  by  ience:  also  several  Lygaeids. 
Coleopt.  from  willow. 

Swept  Artemisia  3-derttata;  took  short- 
winged  grasshopper,  common  everywhere, 
one^Phlepsius  sp.  like  one  from  Rifle,  three 
white  Anabrus  from  clumps  on  hillside. 
Swept  oak:  took  Euttettix  sp.  near  jucundris 
(red  |  Scaphoideus,  Melinna.  Swept  cedar; 
took  Scaphoideus  (white  tip),  red  Platyme- 
topius,  a  green  Eutettix  and  the  pretty 
n.  sp. 

Swept  dry  ground:  took  two  species  of  Scolops- 
and  Driotura.  Small  bees  from  Cleome, 
Bombus  from  Helianthus.  Typhlocybinae 
abdt.  on  apple. 


The  labels  we  print  ourselves  on  a  hand  press.  They  are  all  printed 
out  except  the  day  of  the  month,  and  where  large  collections  are  made 
on  a  given  date  the  entire  label  is  set  up.  The  regular  Fort  Collins 
labels  are  all  printed  in  advance  for  the  season;  the  others  are  printed 
at  odd  times  and  as  they  are  needed. 

The  labels  are  never  over  10  mm.  long  and  3  mm.  wide;  the  card 
points  are  cut  with  a  razor  to  a  uniform  length  of  9  mm.,  and  the 
labels  are  pinned  at  one  end  and  extend  under  the  card  point.  On 
insects  that  are  pinned  through  the  body  the  labels  are  pinned  so  as 
to  extend  parallel  with  the  long  axis  of  the  insect.  In  this  way  it  is 
very  rare  that  a  label  extends  beyond  an  insect,  and  never  beyond  a 
card  point,  thus  insuring  a  neat  collection. 


39 


In  referring  to  the  notes  the  date  is  used  the  same  as  an  ordinary 
catalogue  number  by  looking  on  top  of  the  page  for  the  year  and  then 
down  the  column  for  the  month  and  day,  which  will  follow  each  other 
in  serial  order  the  same  as  in  a  series  of  numbers,  and  will  be  found 
as  readily.  Having  found  the  date  one  will  always  find  the  exact 
location  and  conditions  of  capture  and  any  other  notes  thought  worth 
recording  at  the  time. 

ADVANTAGES  OF  THIS  SYSTEM. 

The  main  advantage  of  this  system  over  the  others  is  in  the  fact 
that  one  can  collect  and  record  any  number  of  specimens  of  a  species, 
or  any  number  of  species,  without  materially  increasing  the  labor 
beyond  the  mere  labor  of  mounting  and  labeling  any  specimen,  while 
in  the  other  systems  each  individual  specimen  must  have  its  acces- 
sions-catalogue number  written  out  and  placed  on  it,  a  special  entry 
made  in  the  accessions  catalogue  for  every  species,  with  all  of  its 
accompanying  records,  cross-references,  etc.,  and  consequently  but 
few  specimens  can  be  mounted  in  a  given  time. 

Another  important  factor  of  utility  is  in  the  fact  that  it  is  not  at  all 
necessary  to  separate  or  mount  up  any  of  the  specimens  at  the  time  of 
capture.  All  that  is  necessary  is  to  write  up  the  record,  place  the 
locality  and  date  on  the  package  containing  the  specimens,  and  it 
serves  the  double  purpose  of  an  accessions  number  and  the  future 
label.  In  practice  we  usually  mount  the  specimens  at  the  time  of 
making  the  record  and  then  put  them  away  to  dry,  labeling  them  up 
at  any  convenient  time  thereafter. 

The  greatest  gain  comes  from  the  fact  that  there  is  nothing  placed 
on  the  insect  that  is  not  necessary  to  any  well-mounted  specimen,  i.  e., 
a  place  and  date  label,  and  that  nearly  all  of  this  label  is  or  can  be 
printed,  thus  requiring  a  minimum  of  hand  work. 

The  fact  that  this  system  requires  that  eveiy  specimen  be  correctly 
labeled  with'  both  place  and  date  will  commend  it  to  many  persons 
who  have  received  material  for  determination  from  half  a  dozen  dif- 
ferent experiment  stations  bearing  nothing  more  distinctive  than  a 
lead-pencil  number. 


An  animated  discussion  followed  the  reading  of  this  paper. 

Mr.  Felt  suggested  that  numerals  should  not  be  used  to  represent 
months.  He  thought  that  less  confusion  would  come  from  the  use  of 
such  abreviations  as  Jr.  for  January  and  Mr.  for  March.  His  system 
of  note  taking  required  cards,  a  field  book,  and  an  accessions  book, 
each  being  employed  for  special  conditions  and  rarely  duplicating. 
He  thought  he  could  not  adopt  Mr.  Ball's  system  to  advantage. 

Mr.  Cockerell  said  that  lie  used  no  numbers,  and  thought  that  cards 
were  more  convenient  than  record  books.    In  his  experience  insects 


40 


were  frequently  recorded  from  localities  in  which  they  never  occurred, 
but  were  so  labeled  because  the  owner  or  collector  happened  to  be 
there.  1 

Mr.  Hopkins  said  thai  his  system  had  been  modi  lied  and  improved 
since  it  wras  first  announced  at  the  Madison  meeting;  that  he  was  more 
than  ever  convinced  of  the  importance  of  some  well-planned  and  con- 
venient system,  varied  according  to  the  special  needs  and  requirements 
of  the  individual  collector  or  investigator,  by  which  the  necessary  col- 
lecting notes  and  original  observations  may  be  permanently  recorded, 
so  that  they  will  be  available  and  intelligible  as  long  as  the  specimens 
and  notes  may  exist. 

The  records  which  he  considers  as  absolutely  necessary  to  accom- 
pany all  specimens  are,  exact  locality,  date,  collector's  name,  and  if  any 
further  notes  are  made  on  food  habits,  life  history,  descriptions,  etc., 
an  unduplicated  number  (for  the  species  of  an}T  given  accession  cata- 
logue or  set  of  notes)  should  always  accompany  the  specimens.  He 
said  that  locality  and  date  labels  with  collector's  name  are  all  right  and 
all  that  are  necessary  simply  for  collected  material,  but  all  biological 
material,  and  that  on  which  special  observations  are  noted  in  a  book 
or  on  a  card,  should,  in  order  to  be  of  permanent  value,  bear  a  number 
referring  directly  to  a  corresponding  number  of  the  entry  in  the  book 
or  on  the  card.  To  avoid  the  large  numbers  which  would  result  from 
many  years  of  active  work,  he  has  adopted  a  subcharacter  or  subnumber, 
or  both,  to  distinguish  the  many  species  which  ma}*  come  under  the 
head  of  one  general  note;  as,  for  example, ^the  insects  collected  from 
a  dead  pine  tree,  accession  No.  7775  would  refer  to  the  general  note, 
while  the  separate  species  and  their  relation  to  each  other  and  to  the 
trees  may  be  designated  by  the  addition  of  a  letter  to  the  number  (7775a), 
which  mav  be  extended,  as  required,  from  a  to  z,  and  still  further 

extended  by  double  letters,  or  better  by  ^  %  ^  J>  %  ^  etc.,  to 

designate  several  species  found  on  different  parts  of  the  tree,  or  also 
the  parasites  and  other  natural  enemies  associated  with  a  given  enemy 
of  the  plant. 

With  this  system  it  is  not  necessaiy  to  identify  the  species  in  the 
field,  since  the  individual  number  will  enable  it  to  be  identified  at  any 
future  time  or  by  a  specialist,  and  the  name  subsequently  entered 
with  colored  ink  in  the  original  note. 

He  stated  that  it  seemed  to  him  that  the  permanent  usefulness  and 
advancement  of  economic  entomology  depended,  to  a  great  extent,  on 
accurate  and  full  field  notes  systematically  recorded,  so  that  they  will 
be  most  available  for  the  individual  worker,  his  assistants,  and 
successors. 

Mr.  Caudell  said  that  a  system  almost  exactly  like  that  here  pro- 
posed by  Mr.  Ball  was  introduced  some  two  years  ago  by  a  writer  in 
the  Journal  of  Applied  Microscopy  and  Laboratory  Methods,  Volume 
II,  page  44!)  (1899).     The  scheme  was  recommended  for  all  kinds  of 


41 


objects,  and  the  individual  number  is  prefixed  to  the  regular  num- 
bers, instead  of  added,  and  the  day  of  the  month  comes  first.  Thus, 
the  example  quoted,  a  specimen  collected  on  August  12,  1899,  would 
be  1-12-8-99,  2-12-8-99,  and  so  on. 

Mr.  Ball  replied  that  the  system  referred  to  by  Mr.  Caudell  related 
to  keeping  slides  of  embryological  and  histological  material,  and 
while  the  date  system  part  of  it  was  the  same,  the  application  was 
quite  different.  He  had  been  using  the  system  five  years  before  that 
one  was  published.  He  also  said  that  every  collector  ought  to  be  able 
to  give  the  genus  of  the  specimens  taken,  but  that  if  he  could  not,  a 
few  descriptive  words  would  serve  to  identify  the  species  when  the 
material  was  worked  over.  He  suggested  that  it  be  borne  in  mind 
in  the  discussion  that  the  present  system  was  not  offered  as  an 
improvement  upon  the  systems  of  Messrs.  Felt,  Hopkins,  and  Forbes, 
nor  for  any  laboratory  where  they  had  help  enough  to  cany  out  one 
of  these  systems,  but  that  he  thought  that  it  was  an  improvement 
upon  the  system  in  use  in  the  majority  of  economic  laboratories  and 
that  the  date  system  feature  might  be  incorporated  into  an}7  sj^stem 
to  advantage. 

Mr.  Ashmead  indorsed  Mr.  Hopkins's  system  and  said  that  he 
always  put  the  name  of  the  collector  on  the  specimens  received  at  the 
museum.  He  ordinarily  used  two  labels,  but  three  were  used  when 
the  original  label  of  the  collector  was  retained.  He  thought  it  of  pri- 
mary importance  to  accompany  the  specimen  with  the  name  of  the 
collector. 

Mr.  Bruner  agreed  that  the  name  of  the  collector  should  always 
appear  and  said  that  he  used  printed  labels. 

The  session  then  adjourned  to  meet  at  the  capitol  at  9  o'clock  the 
next  morning  for  the  purpose  of  looking  over  the  State  museum, 
returning  to  the  high-school  building  at  10  a.  m.  for  the  morning 
session. 

3IORNING  SESSIOX,  AUGUST  24,  1901. 
Mr.  Howard  read  a  paper  entitled: 
A  PRELIMINARY  REPORT  ON  THE  SAN  JOSE  SCALE  IN  JAPAN. 

By  C.  L.  Marlatt,  Washington,  D.  C. 

The  investigation  of  the  San  Jose  scale  in  Japan  by  the  writer  has 
reached  the  stage  when  it  is  possible  to  give  a  definite  conclusion  on 
the  question  of  original  home  so  far  as  Japan  is  concerned.  The 
report  is  provisional  only  in  the  sense  that  some  work  remains  to  be 
done  in  the  northern  provinces,  which  can  hardly  alter  th£  conclu- 
sions, and  that  time  and  facilities  are  lacking  to  make  it  full  and 
complete. 

In  the  three  months  already  spent  in  Japan  the  writer  has  explored 
the  main  islands  pretty  thoroughly  from    Tokio  southward  to  the 


42 


lower  extremity  of  Kiushu — the  large  island  completing  the  chain  on 
the  south.  In  all  some  35  provinces  or  districts  have  been  visited  and 
carefully  examined,  the  points  being  selected  where  orchard  and  nur- 
sery interests  were  oldest  and  most  important.  There  remains  to  be 
explored  the  north  half  of  the  main  island  (Hnrdo)  and  the  northern 
island  of  Hokaido,  the  whole  of  Japan  covering  a  stretch  of  latitude 
about  the  equivalent  of  from  Newfoundland  to  Florida. 

The  Japanese  Government  has  taken  and  Is  taking  the  greatesl  inter- 
est in  the  investigation,  and  has  sent  out  with  the  writer  one  of  the  offi- 
cials of  the  Central  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  Tokio,  Mr.  S. 
K.  Hori,  a  capable  entomologist  of  Cornell  training,  and,  further- 
more, has  interested  the  agricultural  experiment  stations  and  schools 
and  governing  authorities  in  the  provinces  throughout  the  Empire  in 
the  investigation,  and  extended  a  multitude  of  courtesies  which  it 
would  be  impossible  here  to  list. 

All  scale  insects  have  been  studied  and  collected,  and  especially 
those  of  fruit  trees  and  economic  plants,  and — as  far  as  possible  with- 
out interfering  with  the  main  object — other  injurious  insects  also. 

This  report,  however,  relates  to  the  San  Jose  scale  exclusively, 
except  as  it  seems  desirable  to  include  some  facts  discovered  relating 
to  the  peach,  plum,  cherry,  and  mulberry  scale  {Diaspis  pentagona), 
the  very  general  occurrence  of  which  in  Japan  has  a  very  marked 
influence  on  the  role  played  by  the  San  Jose  species. 

To  give  a  correct  picture  of  conditions,  some  knowledge  of  Japanese 
fruit-growing  must  be  had.  In  the  first  place,  this  industry  as  known 
to  America  is  unknown  in  Japan,  except  in  a  few  small  districts. 

The  great  mass  of  the  Japanese  fruit  trees  are  grown  as  yard  orna- 
ments, or  in  little  garden  patches  attached  to  the  dwelling  houses. 
Every  little  thatched  cottage  has  its  flowering  cherry  tree  and  plum 
tree,  and  very  possibty  a  pear,  a  peach,  a  persimmon,  and  very  often 
an  orange  tree.  Sometimes  two  or  three  of  each  sort  will  be  grown, 
and  the  more  pretentious  'gardens  of  the  wealthier  townsmen  amount 
to  miniature  orchards — the  different  fruit  trees  and  ornamental  plants 
being  jumbled  together  in  rank  confusion.  In  other  words,  the  pop- 
ular fruit  and  flowering  trees,  while  universally  grown,  are  in  very 
small  numbers. 

There  are  a  few  orchard  districts  where  numerous  patches  of  from 
one-fourth  acre  to  3  or  4  acres  of  fruit  trees  occur.  These  are  chiefly 
of  the  old  native  pear  tree,  more  or  less  invaded  by  replantings  of 
American  trees  or  new  orchards  of  the  same,  some  small  apple  orchards, 
(more  extensive  in  the  north,  where  I  have  not  been)  very  rarely. a 
small  peach  orchard  (only  two  seen),  and  in  the  south  small  orchards 
(not  common)  of  orange. 

The  walnut  orchards  of  the  island  of  Kiushu  are  the  only  ones  that 
truly  compare  with  orchards  in  the  American  sense. 

Growing  fruit,  and  especially  the  deciduous  varieties,  amounts  to 
little  in  Japan,  but  is  increasing  with  the  introduction  of  American 


43 


varieties.  Her  enormous  population  of  46,000,000  has  compelled  the 
growth  of  cereals  and  other  necessities  of  life  wherever  possible,  and 
among  these  necessities  tea  and  mulberries  must  be  included,  but 
these  are  grown  as  hedge  plants,  or  where  rice  can  not  be  grown  very 
often. 

A  people  too  poor  to  enjoy  more  than  the  most  meager  living,  the 
Japanese  have  not  indulged  ver}7  much  in  such  luxuries  as  fruits. 

Their  love  of  the  beautiful,  manifested  in  a  thousand  ways,  finds 
its  most  common  exemplification  in  the  presence  every  where  of  flower- 
ing trees  (cherries,  plums,  etc.)  where  fruit  trees  might  be  grown,  and 
the  conditions  briefly  described  have  been  characteristic  of  the  coun- 
try for  two  thousand  years — her  agriculture  being  scarcely  altered 
from  the  time  of  Alexander. 

The  distinctively  native  Diaspine  scale  of  Japan  is  the  Diaspis  pen- 
tagona  already  referred  to.  It  is  what  we  know  in  America  as  the 
white  peach  scale,  and  which  in  Italy  is  the  enemy  of  the  mulberry. 
In  Japan  this  scale  is  found  on  the  flowering  cherry  and  plum,  grown 
in  every  dooryard,  in  all  the  parks  and  temple  yards,  along  roadways 
and  along  the  little  strips  of  soil  dividing  one  rice  patch  from  another, 
and  is  almost  worshiped  in  the  season  of  bloom.  These  trees,  cherished 
as  nowhere  else  in  the  world,  attain  a  great  age,  and  when  protected 
by  dryness  or  almost  immovable  supports,  inclosed  with  fences  and 
marked  and  labeled  with  imposing  stone  monuments,  become  to  the 
entomologist  valuable  records  of  insect  work  or  the  absence  of  it,  of 
one  or  two  hundred  years'  standing.  The  peach — a  rough-barked 
scraggy  tree  in  Japan — it  infests  as  a  rule  but  slight!}7.  The  mulberry 
is  often  badly  attacked,  as  are  also  other  plants,  and  notably  the  Kaido 
a  green-barked  ornamental  tree  veiy  commonly  grown. 

The  reason  for  believing  this  scale  insect  to  be  undoubtedly  native  or 
introduced  so  long  ago  as  to  practically  amount  to  this  is  that  it  occurs 
everywhere,  not  only  on  the  main  islands,  but  on  the  little  islands 
also;  and,  furthermore,  in  every  dooryard  and  on  absolutely  every 
cherry  and  plum  tree  within  the  limits  of  the  Japanese  Empire.  Such 
universal  and  invariable  occurrence  I  have  never  witnessed  an37where 
else,  nor  in  the  case  of  any  other  scale  insect. 

Very  rarely  does  it  occur  more  than  scatteringly,  so  that  great 
damage  is  not  often  suffered.  Chalcidid  parasitism  does  not  play  so* 
important  a  role  in  keeping  it  thus  in  check.  The  chief  agent  in  this 
direction  is  a  little  twice-stabbed  ladybird,  which  I  identify  from  the 
named  collection  at  the  hands  of  Mr.  Nawa,  at  Gifu,  as  Chilocorus- 
similis  Rossi.  This  little  beetle,  looking  almost  exactly  like  our  C. 
bivulnerus,  though  possibly  smaller,  is  everywhere  with  the  Diaspis, 
feeding  as  larva  or  adult  on  it,  and  keeping  it  from  often  developing 
in  large  numbers. 

The  San  Jose  scale,  on  the  other  hand,  presents  a  very  different 
picture,  and  is  undoubtedly  of  comparatively  recent  origin  in  Japan. 

While  occurring  rarely  on  many  plants,  it  is  economically  limited 


44 


to  its  attacks  on  the  pear  and  apple,  having  spread  (rarely,  as  the  con- 
ditions show)  to  the  others  from  these  two. 

The  pear  in  Japan  is  represented  by  the  old  orchards  of  native  trees 
and  doorvanl  or  garden  trees,  usually  also  native  for  the  most  part. 
These  orchards  and  trees  are  usually  of  considerable  age,  lift}'  to  one 
hundred  years,  except  the  replants.  During  the  last  thirty  years  a 
good  deal  of  American  pear  stock  has  come  into  Japan  chiefly  from 
California  without  any  fumigation,  and  very  often  undoubtedly 
infested  with  the  San  Jose  scale. 

The  nursery  business  in  Japan  is  very  largely  limited  to  three 
principal  nursery  districts  or  communities,  and  these  were  early  thus 
infested,  and  the  new  stock  from  America  and  the  native  A^arieties 
grown  in  the  nursery  alongside  of  the  former,  and  infested  therefrom, 
have  been  sent  out  all  over  the  Empire  in  small  lots  and  used  to 
replace  trees  in  old  native  orchards  or  planted  here  and  there  in  yards 
and  gardens,  scattering  the  San  Jose  scale  exactly  as  it  was  in  eastern 
America  a  few  years  ago,  and  the  San  Jose  scale  conditions  in  Japan 
to-day  are  the  exact  counterpart  of  what  they  are  in  our  Eastern 
States. 

In  many  instances  I  was  able  to  see  the  beginning  of  scale  infesta- 
tion on  American  or  other  stock  obtained  but  a  few  months  before 
from  one  or  other  of  these  nurseries,  two  of  which  I  have  examined. 
In  two  instances,  at  least,  the  San  Jose  scale  was  on  the  young  stock  of 
experiment  stations — American  varieties,  which  the  stations  were 
experimenting  with  and  about  to  introduce  in  their  respective 
provinces. 

In  most  of  the  orchards  of  native  trees  only,  the  scale  had  acquired 
but  a  very  slight  foothold.  Newly  set  trees  (which  were  traced  in 
nearly  every  instance  to  one  of  these  nurseries)  were  the  centers  of 
contagion,  or  in.  some  instances  new  orchards  alongside  of  old  ones 
had  carried  the  scale  to  the  bordering  trees  of  the  old  orchard. 

Old  native  pear  trees  in  yards  and  gardens  are  usually  still  exempt 
from  this  scale,  and  when  infested,  easily  accounted  for  by  the  near-by 
presence  of  new  stock.  It  very  naturally  suggested  itself  that  the 
native  pear  of  Japan  is  resistant  to  the  San  Jose  scale,  and  this  is  the 
more  plausible  because  it  is  a  rather  scraggy,  rough-barked  plant, 
much  more  so  certainly  than  the  American  varieties. 

A  very  little  examination  demonstrated,  however,  that  the  San 
Jose  scale  once  carried  to  one  of  these  native  pear  trees  alfects  it  just 
as  severely  as  it  does  the  American  variety.  In  other  words,  it  is  not 
scattering  or  rare,  but  when  it  once  gains  lodgment,  multiplies  rap- 
idly in  the  temporary  absence  of  its  ladybird  enemy,  and  occasion- 
ally kills  a  tree.  Were  it  a  native  species  we  should  certainly  lind  it 
widely  scattered,  though  probably  sparingly,  in  these  old  orchards 
and  yardtrees,  as  is  the  Diaspis  on  the  cherry  and  plum,  etc. 

The  apple  is  scarcely  grown  at  all  in  the  south  two-thirds  of  the 
Empire,  save  as  exemplified  by  a  few  orchards  near  Tokyo.  Further- 


45 


more,  this  fruit  as  economically  cultivated  is  of  recent  and  purely 
American  origin.  The  native  apple  of  Japan  is  a  crab,  grown  more 
for  ornament  than  fruit,  and  a  very  rare  tree,  unknown  to  most 
Japanese. 

The  improved  varieties  of  apples  now  grown  here  came  from  Amer- 
ica (California),  and  the  industry  is  not  30  years  old.  Much  of  the 
stock  was  undoubtedly  infested  when  received,  and  I  am  informed 
that  the  orchards  of  north  Japan  have  suffered  much  from  this  insect 
from  the  start,  although  the  nature  of  the  trouble  has  not  been  long 
recognized.  Its  very  general  non-occurrence  in  the  one  or  two-hun- 
dred-year-old plum  and  cherry  trees,  or  those  of  lesser  age  grown  in 
thousands  throughout  the  Empire,  is  very  significant,  especially  as  it 
attacks  both  of  these  trees  when  carried  to  them.  It  should  be  remem- 
bered also  that  Koebele  did  not  find  it  in  Japan  at  all  some  ten  years 
since. 

It  is  perfectly  patent,  therefore,  that  the  San  Jose  scale  came  from 
America  to  Japan  on  American  fruit  trees  which  have  been  regularly 
imported  during  the  past  thirty  years,  and  chiefly  from  California, 
where  the  San  Jose  scale  has  been  longest  and  worst.  Its  wide  distri- 
bution in  Japan  has  been  by  the  leading  nurseries,  just  as  in  America. 

It  is  here  that  the  Diaspis  has  benefited  Japan.  The  little  lady- 
bird enemy  of  this  native  scale  insect  has  taken  readily  to  the 
introduced  species,  and  has  very  materially  checked  its  injuries.  As 
already  shown,  there  is  not  a  corner  in  all  Japan  where  this  ladybird 
does  not  occur  with  the  Diaspis,  and  wherever  the  San  Jose  scale  has 
been  carried  it  has  found  this  active  and  fecund  predaceous  insect 
ready  to  devour  it,  and  very  rarely  does  a  tree  at  all  badly  infested 
long  escape  discover}7  and  measurable  protection.  Isolated  trees 
may  become  covered  with  scale  before  the  beetles  find  them,  or  new 
orchards  and  replanted  trees  infested  with  scale  will  be  injured,  but 
it  does  not  last  long,  as  a  rule. 

The  San  Jose  scale  is  attacked  also  by  one  or  two  Chalcidid  para- 
sites, presumably  the  ones  we  have  in  America  and  brought  to  Japan 
with  the  scales  or  cosmopolites.  (Sent  to  Dr.  Howard  for  identifica- 
tion.) 

Further,  the  San  Jose  scale,  together  with  other  Diaspine  scales  in 
Japan,  is  badly  attacked  very  often  with  what  appears  to  be  the  same 
orange-colored  fungus  which  we  find  in  our  Southern  States.  The 
climate  here  is  especially  favorable  for  the  fungus — moist  and  sultry 
heat  characterizing  much  of  the  year. 

So  much  for  the  origin  and  present  status  of  the  San  Jose  scale  in 
Japan.  It  may  be  of  inteivsl  to  add  some  notes  on  one  or  two  allied 
subjects. 

For  a  long  time  the  Japanese  entomologists  and  some  foreign  ones, 
notably  in  Germany,  have  held  that  the  scale  in  Japan  represented 
a  different  species,  or  at  least  variety,  from  the  American  insect.  I 
am  now  able  to  confirm  an  older  belief  of  mine  that  this  is  not  the 


46 


case.  The  Japanese  insect  is  the  typical  San  Jose  scale.  All  the 
features  and  characters  noted  in  the  so-called  varieties  may  be  found 
in  a  single  colony  together  with  the  typical  scale  as  we  know  it  in 
America. 

I  merely  mention  this  misconception  here  to  report  a  false  security 
felt  by  German  importers  and  officials  in  Letting  Japanese  plants  come 
into  Germany  and  other  European  countries  without  check  until 
within  the  last  twelve  months,  when  Germany  included  Japan  with  the 
United  States  as  dangerous  sources  of  plants. 

The  dwarf  pear  and  apples,  etc.,  in  the  chief  nursery  of  Japan  are, 
as  I  have  found,  all  infested  with  San  Jose  scale.  (The  dwarf  trees 
a»re  ordinary  nursery  trees  from  the  nursery  rows,  starved  and  cut 
back,  and  not  special  varieties.)  These  have  been  exported,  the  pro- 
prietors inform  me,  to  America,  to  two  or  three  ports  in  Germany 
(up  to  twelve  months  since),  and  are  still  sent  to  England.  When 
sent  to  America  they  are  now  fumigated,  because  Mr.  Craw  has  sent 
some  lots  scale-infested  to  limbo.  Most  of  the  export  plants  are  orna- 
mental plants,  pines,  maples,  etc.,  but  a  good  many  of  the  quaint 
dwarf  fruit  trees  in  flower  pots  and  bearing  fruit  are  also  sold  and 
shipped  abroad.  I  do  not  think  this  need  alarm  Europeans,  for  I  much 
doubt  whether,  with  the  climatic  conditions  of  Europe  and  with  the 
conditions  of  fruit  growing  there,  the  San  Jose  scale  ever  will  amount 
to  much  on  that  continent. 

In  connection  with  the  identification  of  the  San  Jose  scale  in  Japan, 
I  wish  to  add  that  Professor  Sasaki,  the  entomologist  of  the  Agricul- 
tural College  of  the  Imperial  University,  following  Professor  Cockerell, 
has  held  that  the  Japanese  scale  was  distinct  from  the  form  occurring 
in  America.  He  also  expressed  to  me  the  alternative  belief — not  at 
.all  compatible  with  the  first,  however — that  if  the  same  species  it 
came  to  Japan  from  America  on  imported  stock. 

In  the  last  view  he  is  undoubtedly  correct,  and  I  have  no  doubt 
but  that  he  will  give  up  the  former  view,  which  he  has  hitherto  urged 
very  strongly. 

His  chief  anxiety,  evidently,  was  to  free  Japan  from  the  onus  of  the 
San  Jose  scale  of  America  one  way  or  another,  and  both  of  his  theories 
attained  this  end.    He  is  therefore  well  pleased  with  this  report. 

As  an  economic  problem  the  San  Jose  scale  is  not  so  important  for 
Japan.  It  is  widely  distributed  already,  and  extermination  is  out  of 
the  question,  but  the  natural  conditions  of  climate,  character  of  fruit 
gi  owing,  fungous  disease,  and  parasites  will  probably  always  keep  the 
scale  in  check. 

Most  orchards  of  pear  and  apple,  etc.,  are  grown  as  we  do  grapes, 
on  trellises,  and  the  trees  are  cut  back  to  mere  dwarfs,  all  the  branches 
being  within  easy  reach. 

Labor  is  so  cheap  that  the  trees  can  be  given  a  very  thorough  hand 
scrubbing  every  winter,  and  now  in  places  it  is  the  practice  to  do  this 


47 


with  a  salt-water  wash,  just  on  general  principles  of  cleanliness.  I 
have  felt  it  merely  necessary  to  recommend  soap  instead  of  salt  as 
more  valuable  where  scales  are  concerned. 

The  important  feature  for  America  is  the  Japanese  ladybird  (Chilo- 
corus similis).  With  the  literature  available  here  I  can  not  determine 
whether  this  beetle  has  already  been  carried  to  America  by  Koebele 
or  Compere,  but  I  am  expecting  daily  information  on  this  point  from 
Washington,  so  that  if  necessary  I  can  send,  or  at  least  make  the 
attempt  to  send,  living  beetles  to  California  and  the  East. 


A  general  discussion  followed  the  reading  of  Mr.  Marlatt's  paper. 

Mr.  Cockerell  said  that  he  was  very  glad  to  hear  Mr.  Marlatt's 
paper,  as  it  threw  a  great  deal  of  interesting  light  on  the  conditions 
existing  in  Japan.  Hitherto  we  had  greatly  lacked  information  of 
this  sort.  He  wished  to  correct  one  statement  in  the  paper,  that  he 
(the  speaker)  considered  the  Japanese  insect  distinct  from  the  true 
San  Jose  scale.  This  was  the  exact  reverse  of  the  truth,  but  he  did 
consider  that  the  scale  presented  some  varieties  in  Japan,  as,  for 
example,  the  one  feeding  on  orange  trees,  a  thing  the  insect  in  Cali- 
fornia never  did.  Mr.  Marlatt's  statement  about  the  Chilocorus  was 
very  interesting.  The  speaker  had  noticed  a  similar  case  in  Arizona 
when  the  Chilocorus  cacti ,  feeding  normally  on  the  native  Diaspis 
tourney i,  came  to  prey  upon  theintroduced  date  palm  scale  (Parlatoria). 
As  regards  the  main  proposition  advanced  by  Mr.  Marlatt,  that  the 
San  Jose  scale  was  certainly  not  a  native  of  Japan.  Mr.  Cockerell 
could  not  see  that  any  proof  had  been  offered.  The  fact  that  the 
insect  occurred  mainly  upon  imported  American  varieties  was  just 
what  might  be  expected  if  it  were  native  to  Japan,  as  the  American 
varieties  would  be  less  resistant  than  the  Japanese.  It  has  been 
observed  by  Dr.  John  B.  Smith  that  the  Keiffer  pear  was.  to  a  con- 
siderable degree,  resistant  to  the  scale.  Now,  this  pear  was  a  hybrid 
with  the  Chinese  sand  pear,  and  it  seemed  to  show  that  trees  having 
Chinese  or  Japanese  blood,  or  one  should  say  sap,  were  more  or  less 
resistant  to  the  scale.  The  fact  that  the  scale  was  not  found  on  wild 
plants  in  Japan  proved  nothing.  Mr.  Cockerell  had  found  many 
Coccids  in  New  Mexico  on  wild  plants,  and  though  the  plants  were 
abundant  the  Coccids  were  usually  confined  to  very  limited  localities, 
and  even  after  years  of  residence  in  the  immediate  vicinity  were  very 
likely  to  be  overlooked.  He  also  knew  of  cases  such  as  those  of 
Toumeyella  mirdbilis  and  Dociylopius  prosopidis  in  which  these  iso- 
lated colonies  were  entirely  destroyed  by  parasites  or  predaceous 
enemies. 

The  San  Jose  scale  belonged  to  a  Paraparetic  or  at  least  a  Holarctic 
group,  and  must  surely  have  originated  in  the  northern  temperate 
zone.    It  certainly  could  not  be  supposed  to  come  from  Europe,  and 


48 


it  did  not  seem  likely  that  it  was  American.  Hence,  on  general  princi- 
ples, one  would  look  for  its  home  in  eastern  Asia.  However,  the 
speaker  thought  it  might  just  as  well  have  come  from  China  as  Japan. 

In  concluding,  Mr.  Cockerell  said  he  did  not  accept  the  view  that 
Diaspis  pt  rdagana  was  certainly*  a  native  of  Japan.  On  some  such 
grounds  as  those  mentioned  by  Mr.  Marlatt  it  might  be  referred  to 
Jamaica  and  various  other  places.  He  did  not  consider  we  yet  knew 
certainly  where  this  scale  originated. 

Mr.  Jordan  said  that  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  flora  of  Japan 
came  from  China,  more  especially  the  fruits,  and  it  was  therefore 
possible  that  the  San  Jose  scale  might  have  been  introduced  into 
Japan  from  China.  Upon  his  trip  to  Japan  he  was  impressed  with 
the  utter  neglect  of  the  orchards  in  that  country  and  the  wholesale 
destruction  of  birds. 

Mr.  Kellogg  said  that  Mr.  S.  I.  Kuwana,  assistant  in  entomology  at 
Stanford  University,  spent  all  of  last  summer  collecting  and  studying 
the  Japanese  scale  insects,  giving  special  attention  to  the  San  Jose 
scale.  Eighty  species  were  taken,  twenty  of  which  were  new.  Mr. 
Kuwana  visited  three  of  the  four  principal  islands  of  the  Empire,  and 
found  the  San  Jose  scale  generally  distributed  throughout  these  islands 
in  native  orchards  as  well  as  on  imported  trees.  The  San  Jose  scale 
has  been  known  to  the  natives  of  Japan  for  more  than  thirty  years 
under  the  name  of  ki-abura.  He  could  not  agree  with  Mr.  Marlatt 
that  the  weight  of  evidence  was  in  favor  of  America  as  its  native 
home.  He  was  of  the  opinion  that  there  were  not  yet  sufficient  facts 
at  hand  to  determine  this  point  definitely,  but  that  the  present  indi- 
cations were  that  the  insect  came  from  Japan  to  California.  He  stated 
that  Mr.  Kuwana  had  found  the  scale  attacked  by  parasites  and  pre- 
daceous  insects,  which  would  have  some  weight  in  favor  of  Japan  as 
its  home.  He  thought  that  both  Mr.  Marlatt  and  Mr.  Kuwana  had 
made  a  mistake  by  confining  their  investigations  to  the  lines  of  the 
railroad  instead  of  giving  the  wild  plants  more  j)artieular  attention. 

Mr.  Howard  said  that  in  his  opinion  Mr.  Kellogg's  statement  as  to 
parasites  did  not  affect  the  point  in  question,  that  native  parasites 
might  attack  an  introduced  species  of  scale.  He  thought  also  that 
old  native  trees  were  quite  as  liable  to  the  attacks  of  scale  as  intro- 
duced plants.  He  said  that  Mr.  Marlatt's  wide  experience  in  the  study 
of  the  Diaspine  group  of  scales  in  the  eastern  United  States  admirably 
equipped  him  for  the  investigation  now  in  progress  in  Japan  and  that 
his  expressed  opinion  should  have  the  greatest  weight.  He  held  to  the 
opinion  that  the  weight  of  evidence  indicates  that  Japan  is  not  the 
original  home  of  the  San  Jose  scale,  but  that  it  was  introduced  into 
Japan  from  America;  but  stated  that  Mr.  Marlatt  would  be  instructed 
to  extend  his  investigations  into  the  wild  country,  in  the  hope  of 
securing  further  facts  bearing  upon  the  question  at  hand. 

The  next  paper  on  the  programme  was  presented  by  Mr.  Hopkins : 


49 

NOTES  ON   (1)  THE  PERIODICAL  CICADA   IN  WEST  VIRGINIA; 
(2)  THE  HESSIAN  FLY ;  (3)  THE  GRAPE  CTJRCULIO. 

By  A.  D.  Hopkins.  Morgantoum,  W.  Va. 

[Withdrawn  for  publication  elsewhere.] 


Mr.  Ekrhorn  wanted  to  know  if  the  parasite  of  the  Hessian  fly  was 
abundant  in  West  Virginia,  and  stated  that  these  parasites  did  not 
exist  in  California,  and  that  he  desired  to  obtain  some  material  in  the 
hope  of  establishing  it  in  his  section. 

Mr.  Hopkins  replied  that  these  parasites  were  very  abundant  last 
year,  but  not  effective. 

Then  Mr.  Felt  presented  the  following  paper: 

FURTHER  NOTES  ON  CRUDE  PETROLEUM  AND  OTHER  INSECT- 
ICIDES. 

By  E.  P.  Felt.  Albany,  X.  Y. 

A  preliminary  paper  on  some  work  along  these  lines  was  read  by 
the  writer  at  our  last  meeting  and  a  full  account  of  the  experiments 
in  1000  has  been  presented  in  his  report  for  that  year,  and  the  results 
there  set  forth  need  no  repetition  at  this  time.  No  very  apparent  dif- 
ferences among  the  trees  experimented  upon,  aside  from  those 
recorded  during  1900,  were  observable  in  the  spring  of  1901.  All  the 
trees  passed  the  winter  about  equally  well,  after  making  due  allow- 
ance for  their  condition,  and  though  several  trees  died,  it  was  only 
those  which  were  in  a  desperate  condition  the  preceding  autumn.  It 
is  rather  significant  that  of  the  three  trees  sprayed  with  undiluted 
kerosene  in  the  spring  of  1900,  but  one  was  alive  a  year  later,  and  of 
the  four  treated  with  undiluted  petroleum,  but  two  were  alive,  and 
both  of  these  came  through  the  winter  with  a  large  proportion  (25  to 
50  per  cent)  of  their  branches  dead.  It  is  but  just  to  add  that  most 
of  these  trees,  as  previously  recorded,  were  at  the  outset  very  badly 
infested  with  San  Jose  scale. 

The  poor  results  obtained  with  spring  applications  of  kerosene  and 
mechanical  emulsions  of  the  same  led  to  the  concentration  of  the  work 
on  the  more  promising  insecticides,  namely,  crude  petroleum  and 
whale-oil  soap  in  various  combinations. 

Another  test  was  made  with  undiluted  crude  petroleum.  Some  oil 
was  sent  me  direct  from  the  Frank  Oil  Company,  Titus ville,  Pa.  It 
was  a  light  amber-colored  oil,  said  to  test  from  44°  to  15°  on  the 
Beaume  oil  scale,  and  in  the  field,  just  before  spraying  and  at  a  tem- 
perature of  about  65°  F.,  it  gave  a  reading  of  43.3°  Beaume.  Two 
trees  were  sprayed  April  11,  1901,  with  this  oil.    The  day  was  bright 

11823— No.  31—01  4 


50 


and  there  was  a  gentle  breeze.  Tree  110,  a  badly  infested  Lombard 
plum,  showed  serious  injury  July  3,  at  which  time  several  limbs  were 
dying  and  the  remainder  did  not  present  a  normal,  vigorous  appear- 
ance. August  9  the  tree  was  dead  and  all  the  leaves  thrown  out  in 
the  spring  had  shriveled.  Tree  117,  a  very  badly  infested  Crawford 
peach,  was  also  sprayed  at  the  same  time,  and  July  3  it  was  dead. 

It  might  be  added  that  the  oil  was  used  liberally,  and  that  in  the 
case  of  tree  117  the  infestation  was  so  very  bad  that  it  was  hardly 
expected  that  the  tree  would  survive. 

Some  comparative  experiments  with  mechanical  crude  petroleum 
emulsions  were  made.  The  above-described  oil  from  Titusville  and 
an  oil  used  in  the  experiments  last  year  were  tried.  The  latter  was 
purchased  in  the  Albany  market  as  crude  petroleum  sold  by  the 
Standard  Oil  Company.  It  is  a  quite  fluid  greenish  oil,  and  that  used 
in  1901  gave  a  reading  in  the  field  of  41.8°  Beaume.  Neither  the  20 
nor  25  per  "cent  emulsions  of  either  oil  injured  the  trees,  so  far  as 
could  be  seen,  this  agreeing  with  the  results  obtained  with  the  emul- 
sions of  Standard  oil  in  1900.  The  Standard  oil,  that  is  the  heavier 
one,  appeared  to  be  a  little  more  effective  as  an  insecticide,  but  as  the 
lighter  Titusville  oil  has  been  used  in  25  to  50  per  cent  emulsions 
without  injuring  the  trees  and  with  very  satisfactory  results  as  an 
insecticide,  it  would  appear  that  the  heavier  the  oil  the  less  can  be 
used  with  safety  and  the  more  effective  it  is  as  an  insecticide.  There 
is  evidently  a  very  narrow  margin  between  the  amount  of  this  sub- 
stance necessary  for  satisfactory  work  against  scale  insects  and  that 
which  will  seriously  injure  or  kill  trees,  especially  peach  and  plum 
trees,  and  in  the  case  of  those  very  badly  infested,  particularly  if  the 
bark  is  quite  rough,  it  is  doubtful  if  enough  oil  can  be  applied  to 
kill  practically  all  the  insects  and  at  the  same  time  not  injure  the  tree 
seriously. 

The  experiments  tried  last  year  with  a  combination  of  1  pound  of 
whale-oil  soap  to  4  gallons  of  water,  to  which  was  added  10  per  cent 
crude  petroleum,  were  not  quite  satisfactory,  as  it  was  hoped  that  the 
combination  would  prove  more  effective  as  an  insecticide  and  less 
injurious  to  the  trees  than  either  substance  separately  in  the  usual 
proportions.  This  year  both  10  and  15  per  cent  of  the  crude  petroleum 
obtained  from  the  Standard  Oil  Company  were  used  in  combination 
with  the  pound  to  4  gallons  solution  of  whale-oil  soap.  There  was  no 
perceptible  injury  to  the  trees  in  either  case,  and  the  San  Jose  scale 
was  pretty  thoroughly  checked  with  both  mixtures,  the  one  with  the 
higher  per  cent  of  oil  giving  on  the  whole  the  best  satisfaction. 

The  results  obtained  with  whale-oil  soap  solutions,  both  1|  and  2 
pounds  to  the  gallon,  were  up  to  date  practically  the  same  as  those  of 
last  year.  The  scale  was  severely  checked,  but  in  no  instance  was  it 
so  thorough  as  where  crude  petroleum  in  some  form  was  used.  Two 
pounds  to  the  gallon  gave  a  little  better  result  than  the  weaker 
solution. 


51 


Mr.  Scott  said  that  he  had  made  similar  experiments  in  Georgia 
looking  to  the  control  of  the  San  Jose  scale  and  had  obtained  gratify- 
ing results.  He  had  used  a  25  per  cent  strength  of  crude  oil  with 
water  on  peach  and  plum  trees,  spraying  in  the  winter  time,  with  the 
results  that  the  scale  had  been  effectually  destroyed  and  the  trees 
not  damaged.  He  had  found,  however,  that  the  undiluted  crude  oil 
killed  peach  trees  outright,  as  did  also  refined  kerosene.  He  had 
used  the  Pennsylvania  crude  oil  registering  43°  on  the  Baume  oil 
scale.  The  high  price  of  the  crude  oil,  as  purchased  from  the  Stand- 
ard Oil  Compan}T,  made  it  more  expensive  than  refined  kerosene,  and 
for  that  reason,  and  because  of  its  variable  character,  he  did  not  rec- 
ommend it  for  general  use.  For  three  years  he  had  used  a  20  per 
cent  strength  of  kerosene  with  water  as  a  remedy  for  San  Jose  scale, 
and  the  results  were  all  that  could  be  expected  from  the  application 
of  any  spray  whatever.  He  said  that  at  the  recent  meeting  of  the 
Georgia  State  Horticultural  Societ}^  the  general  expression  from  the 
fruit  growers  was  to  the  effect  that  the  San  Jose  scale  was  no  longer 
feared  since  the  kerosene  treatment  had  xDroved  so  effective.  He  said 
that  infested  orchards  of  more  than  100,000  trees  each  were  being 
successfully  treated. 

Mr.  Felt  suggested  that  perhaps  the  San  Jose  scale  did  not  become 
so  dormant  in  Georgia  as  it  did  farther  north,  which  would  explain 
the  successful  use  of  comparatively  weak  applications  of  insecticides. 

Mr.  Scott  replied  that  this  was  true,  as  he  had  frequently  found 
the  scale  breeding  on  warm  days  in  midwintei. 

Mr.  Kellogg  expressed  a  surprise  that  the  price  of  crude  petroleum 
should  be  so  high,  and  suggested  that  it  might  be  obtained  at  a 
reasonable  price  direct  from  the  oil  wells. 

Mr.  Gillette  then  presented  the  following  paper : 

NOTES  ON  SOME  COLORADO  INSECTS. 

By  C.  P.  Gillette,  Fort  Collins,  Colo. 

Nysius  minutus  has  been  unusually  abundant  in  portions  of  Colo- 
rado this  summer,  and  numerous  inquiries  have  been  received  con- 
cerning it. 

My  attention  was  first  called  to  it  by  being  told  that  it  was  destroy- 
ing the  strawberries  upon  the  experiment  station  grounds.  A  visit  to 
the  strawberiy  patch  was  made  at  once  and  the  bugs  found  in  large 
numbers  upon  leaves,  fruit,  and  blossoms,  but  most  numerous  upon 
fruit,  both  green  and  ripe.  They  were  not  giving  special  attention  to 
strawberries,  however,  as  the}'  were  much  more  abundant  on  some  of 
the  weeds  growing  bet  ween  the  rows,  and  particularly  were  they  abun- 
dant upon  wild  mustard  and  Monolepis  nuttalMi,  wilting  the  plants  to 
the  ground.  Plants  of  yellow  dock,  and  even  Helianthus,  were  liter- 
ally covered  with  them.    In  fact,  hardly  any  species  of  plant  in  the 


52 


vicinity  entirely  escaped  the  accumulations  of  these  bugs;  but  that  all 
served  as  food  plants  T  am  nol  certain.  It  is  a  common  Insecl  in  the 
State  upon  beets,  and  has  been  reported  to  me  as  injuring  cabbage 
and  cauliflower. 

The  usual  contact  poisons — kerosene  emulsion,  whale-oil  soap,  and 
buhach — were  used  upon  the  bugs  in  the  ordinary  strengths  without 
satisfactory  results.  In  fact  the  most  thorough  applications  would 
hardly  kill  any  of  these  insects. 

AspidMus  howardi  was  first  found  by  the  writer  some  years  ago  at 
Canon  City,  Colo.,  where  it  was  present  in  injurious  numbers  upon 
European  and  American  varieties  of  plum,  attacking  both  twigs  and 
fruit.  Scattering  specimens  were  also  noticed  at  that  time  upon 
pears.  While  the  scale  has  remained  in  considerable  numbers  in  the 
small  plum  orchard  where  it  was  first  found,  I  have  not  known  of  its 
occurrence  in  any  other  locality  until  the  present  summer,  when  I  was 
called  by  the  horticultural  inspector  of  Delta  County,  Mr.  H.  E. 
Mathews,  to  go  with  him  to  determine  what  scale  Avas  infesting  a  pear 
orchard  in  the  vicinity  of  Delta.  The  scales  could  be  found  upon 
nearly  all  the  x^ear  trees  in  the  orchard,  attacking  both  bark  and  fruit, 
chiefly  the  latter.  There  were  but  few  trees  upon  which  the  scale 
could  be  said  to  be  abundant.  We  visited  the  orchard  June  12,  at 
which  time  young  lice  were  hatching  in  small  numbers.  These  were 
of  the  usual  yellow  color,  but  the  little  scale  that  first  forms  over  them 
is  pure  white.  From  that  date  to  August  20,  at  least,  these  young  lice 
have  continued  to  appear.  On  raising  the  scales  from  the  females  I 
nearly  always  found  two  or  three  young  lice  beneath  them,  and  for 
some  time  thought  the  scale  must  be  viviparous,  but  a  new  lot  of  the 
scales  sent  by  Mr.  Mathews  August  17  contained  females  beneath 
which  eggs  were  found.  The  eggs  apparently  hatch  very  soon  after 
they  are  deposited,  as  it  is  usual  to  find  two  or  three  young  lice  and 
but  one  or  two  eggs  under  a  female.  Possibly  the  females  are  both 
oviparous  and  viviparous. 

The  scales  cluster,  for  the  most  part,  about  the  blossom  end  of  the 
pears,  and  where  they  rest  upon  the  cheek  of  the  fruit  they  usually 
cause  a  depression  and  sometimes  a  red  ring,  which  is  considered  to 
be  characteristic  of  pern  io ios  us.  In  this  orchard  occasional  scales 
were  found  upon  plums  also.  I  have  fruit  with  me  with  these  scales 
upon  it  that  you  are  at  liberty  to  examine. 

Chermes  abietis. — This  louse  is  abundant  upon  silver  spruce  in  Col- 
orado, especially  in  high  altitudes,  causing  the  cone-like  galls  at  the 
tips  of  the  new  growth.  The  galls  are  always  present  in  considerable 
numbers  in  trees  of  silver  spruce  upon  the  college  campus  at  Fort 
Collins. 

Chermes  sp. — Two  species  (possibly  one)  of  Chermes,  one  infesting 
Douglass  spruce  and  one  pine  (Pinus  ponderosa),  are  abundant  nearly 
every  year  in  the  northern  portion  of  the  State,  at  least  about  Fort 


53 


Collins  and  Denver.  Like  C.  abietis,  these  also  deposit  their  eggs  in 
clusters,  each  egg  being  anchored  by  means  of  one  or  more  waxy 
threads,  and  covered  with  a  white  waxy  secretion  from  the  abdomen 
of  the  female.  These  lice  are  very  small,  not  exceeding  a  millimeter 
in, length.  They  are  dark  in  color  and  are  all  wingless  early  in  the 
season.  Early  in  June  winged  individuals  appear.  These  winged 
females  have  less  of  the  waxy  secretion  with  which  to  cover  the  clus- 
ters of  eggs  that  thejT  lay  upon  the  leaves,  and  so  they  cover  them  with 
their  enorinousl}^  large  wings.  Both  species  seem  to  be  entirely  ovi- 
parous. The  newly  hatched  lice  arrange  themselves  in  rows  along  the 
leaves,  and  when  the  white  secretion  is  well  formed  they  are  com- 
pletely covered  by  it.  The  species  infesting  the  pine  is  specially 
numerous  at  the  new  growth  at  the  tips  of  the  twigs,  and  the  little  lice 
winter  very  largely  between  the  pairs  of  needles  that  grow  together 
and  near  their  base. 

Both  lice  and  eggs  are  readily  killed  by  the  use  of  kerosene  emul- 
sion or  whale-oil  soap.  (Photographs  were  shown  illustrating  these 
lice.) 

PLANT-LICE. 

The  grain  louse  (Nectarophora  granaria)  did  considerable  damage 
in  eastern  Colorado  last  year.  I  know  no  previous  record  of  its 
occurrence  in  this  State.  This  }^ear  it  has  occasioned  no  complaint, 
and  I  have  no  knowledge  of  its  occurrence. 

Last  year  Mr.  Ball  investigated  the  injuries  of  this  louse  along  the 
line  of  the  Santa  Fe  Railroad  in  the  State  and  found  wheat,  oats,  and 
barle}7  attacked,  but  the  chief  injury  was  to  wheat. 

The  snowball  plant-louse  (Aphis  vihernum)  is  a  comparative  recent 
acquisition  in  the  northern  portion  of  the  State.  For  the  past  t  wo 
years  it  has  been  rather  abundant  upon  snowball  bushes  upon  the 
campus  of  the  State  Agricultural  College  at  Fort  Collins. 

The  ash  gall  louse  {Pemphigus  fraxinifolia)  continues  to  be  one  of 
the  worst  pests  that  our  ash  shade  trees  have  to  contend  with  on  the 
plains  of  the  eastern  slope  in  the  State.  It  is  not  destructive  to  the 
trees,  but  seriousty  mars  their  beauty,  and  the  secretions  that  fall 
from  the  lice  are  aimo}7mg,  to  say  the  least,  to  those  who  would  enjoy 
the  shade  of  one  of  our  best  lawn  trees. 

The  apple  louse  (Aphis  mali)  has  become  one  of  the  most  common 
of  our  plant  lice  within  the  State,  occurring  upon  both  slopes.  The 
eggs  blacken  the  twigs  of  apple  trees  in  the  fall  so  that  they  are 
noticed  during  winter  by  the  owners  of  orchards,  who  send  them  to 
the  Entomologist  for  identification.  The  strange  thing  about  these 
eggs  is  that  we  have  not  been  aide  to  find  any  lice  hatching  from  them 
upon  trees  where  they  are  deposited,  and  twigs  have  been  brought  into 
the  laboratory  bearing  thousands  of  eggs  of  this  louse;  but  Ave  have 
riot  succeeded  in  getting  any  to  hatch.    It  does  not  seem  that  it  could 


54 


be  due  to  Lack  of  fertilization,  as  the  little  wingless  brown  males  occur 
in  large  numbers  and  freely  copulate  with  the  females  during  the  Call. 

The  cabbage  louse  {Aphis  brassicce,)  seems  to  be  a  worse  pest  upon 
cabbages  and  cauliflowers  than  the  cabbage  butterflies,  P.  rapa  and 
P.  protodice. 

The  beel  army  worm  (  La pli ygma  fla  vi metadata),  which  ravaged  the 
sugar-beet  fields  to  such  an  alarming  extent  in  the  Grand  Valley  in 
the  summer  and  fall  of  189!),  was  almost  entirely  absent  over  the 
same  area  in  1000,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  moths  emerged  in 
enormous  numbers  late  in  September  for  hibernation.  They  did 
occur  in  considerable  numbers  last  year,  however,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Rockyford,  Colo.,  where  sugar  beets  were  being  grown  for  the  first 
time  in  large  numbers  for  commercial  purposes.  The  past  summer 
the  first  brood  of  this  insect  appeared  in  considerable  numbers,  both 
at  Palisade,  in  the  Grand  Valley,  and  in  the  Arkansas  Valley  in  the 
vicinity  of  Lamar.  It  is  now  time  for  the  second  brood  to  be  on  in 
full  force,  but  I  have  heard  nothing  of  it  yet.  It  looks  as  though 
another  native  insect,  formerly  unknown  as  a  destructive  species,  had 
come  to  stay  as  an  enemy  to  beet  culture. 

The  cabbage  Plutella(P.  crudferarum). — A  curious  instance  in  the 
food  habits  of  this  insect  was  called  to  my  attention  the  present  sum- 
mer. Mr.  H.  E.  Mathews,  horticultural  inspector  for  Delta  County, 
sent  me  a  quantity  of  leaves  from  small  peach  trees,  with  hundreds  of 
small  white  cocoons  upon  them,  with  the  statement  that  some  new 
peach  defoliator  had  appeared  in  an  orchard  in  Delta  County  and  he 
wished  me  to  tell  him  what  to  do  about  it.  I  could  not  tell  what 
the  insect  would  turn  out  to  be,  but  iu  a  few  days  moths  of  the  cab- 
bage Plutella  appeared  in  large  numbers,  and  I  was  almost  as  much 
puzzled  as  before.  I  told  Mr.  Mathews  the  ordinary  food  habits  of 
the  insect,  and  then  he  explained  that  the  year  previous  the  ground 
in  this  orchard  had  been  allowed  to  grow  up  to  a  wild  mustard,  and 
that  the  weeds  had  been  thoroughly  kept  down  this  summer.  The 
moths,  doubtless,  hatched  there  in  large  numbers  and,  not  finding 
their  natural  food  plants,  deposited  eggs  upon  peach  leaves,  upon 
which  the  larvae  developed.  (Photographs  of  the  cocoons  of  this 
insect  upon  peach  leaves  were  exhibited.) 

The  thistle  butterfly  (Pyrameis  cardui)  was  unusually  abundant 
throughout  the  State  while  fruit  trees  were  in  bloom,  so  that  many 
inquiries  were  made  as  to  the  significance  of  this  insect  in  such 
numbers. 

The  bean  ladybird  (ItJpilachna  corrwpta)  does  considerable  damage 
to  the  foliage  of  beans,  particularly  wax  beans,  near  the  foothills  of 
the  east  slope  of  the  mountains  every  year,  but  the  degree  of  destruc- 
tiveness  varies  much.  The  present  season  the  injuries  have  been 
more  severe  than  for  several  years  past.  It  is  also  difficult  to  combat 
on  account  of  the  beans  being  very  susceptible  to  injury  from  the 


55 


application  of  arsenical  mixtures  and  the  further  fact  that  nearly  all 
feeding  is  done  upon  the  under  side  of  the  leaves.  The  arsenicals, 
however,  seem  to  be  our  best  means  of  destroying  the  beetles  by 
means  of  insecticides. 

Phytoptus  sp. — There  is  a  Phytoptus  mite  that  seems  to  be  steadily 
on  the  increase  in  Colorado,  which  attacks  the  cottonwoods.  As  the 
leaves  open  in  the  spring,  reddish  excrescences  begin  to  form  about 
the  buds  and  upon  twigs  and  limbs,  of  a  more  or  less  reddish  color, 
that  continue  to  enlarge  in  size  during  the  summer.  The  year  follow- 
ing, additional  growth  may  appear  about  the  old  gall  and  new  ones 
form.  In  early  spring  the  mites  within  the  chambers  of  the  galls  are 
of  a  deep  red  color,  while  those  that  appear  during  the  summer  are 
lighter  in  color.  In  the  northern  portion  of  the  State  these  galls  are  so 
abundant  as  to  be  very  noticeable  to  passers-by  when  the  foliage  is 
off.  Some  trees  are  literally  filled  with  them,  so  that  scarcely  a  twig 
can  be  found  without  one  or  more  of  the  galls  upon  it. 

Another  peculiar  development,  as  the  result  of  Phytoptus  attack  in 
the  cotton wroods,  takes  place  in  the  same  trees,  and  may  be  due  to  the 
same  species,  so  far  as  I  know.  It  is  the  transformation  of  the  flower 
catkins  into  large  pendant  masses,  often  6  or  8  inches  in  length,  remind- 
ing one  of  a  long  slender  cluster  of  grapes.  An  interesting  thing  in 
connection  with  this  abnormal  growth  is  that  the  attack  of  the  mites 
causes  the  flower  parts  to  revert  into  leafy  growths,  pointing  to  the 
origin  of  the  development  of  the  parts  of  the  flower. 

LEAF-CUTTER  BEES. 

Until  the  present  summer  I  have  never  heard  of  leaf-cutter  bees 
being  abundant  enough  to  seriously  defoliate  plants,  but  am  told  by 
an  intelligent  lad}^  residing  near  Fort  Collins,  some  10  miles  from  the 
foothills,  that  her  rosebushes  were  so  badly  defoliated  by  them  the 
past  summer  that  it  was  necessary  to  cover  them  during  the  day  to 
save  any  leaves  at  all. 


Mr.  Caudell  said  that  in  the  garden  of  W.  M.  Rysler,  of  Delta,  Colo., 
this  season  he  saw  a  number  of  mature  radishes,  every  plant  of  which 
was  completely  killed  by  the  minute  false  chinch  bug  (Nysius  minutus 
Uhler),  myriads  of  which  at  that  time  covered  the  entire  plants.  In 
some  gardens  he  saw  a  patch  of  potatoes  much  injured  by  the  larvae  of 
Plusia  brassicce.  The  injury  was  so  striking  as  to  be  noticeable  from 
a  distance,  resembling  the  ravages  of  the  potato  beetle.  These  same 
larvae  were  infesting  cabbage,  cauliflower,  lettuce,  sugar  beets,  and 
garden  beets. 

Mr.  Hopkins  said  that  he  had  collected  the  galls  of  a  Chermes  sp. 
(which  Mr.  Pergande  thinks  may  be  Chermes  sibiricus)  from  the  Sitka 


56 


spruce  at  Newport,  Oreg.,  and  from  the  Engelmann  spruce  at  Sand 
Point,  Idaho. 

President  Gillette  then  announced  that  the  proposal  of  new  mem* 
bers  was  again  in  order,  whereupon  the  following  names  were  offered 
and  received : 

W.  D.  Hunter,  Washington,  D.  C,  proposed  by  Mr.  Bruner;  Ver- 
non L.  Kellogg,  Stanford  University,  Cal.,  proposed  by  Mr.  Bruner; 
T)r.  W.  J.  Holland,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  proposed  by  Mr.  Hopkins. 

The  meeting  then  adjourned  for  lunch,  1<>  reassemble  at  2.30  p.  m. 

AFTERXOOX  SESSION,  AUGUST  U<  1901. 


Mr.  Scott  presented  the  first  paper  of  the  afternoon  programme,  viz: 

A  PRELIMINARY  NOTE  ON  A  NEW  SPECIES  OF  APHIS  INJURIOUS 
TO  PLUMS  AND  PEACHES  IN  GEORGIA. 

By  W.  M.  Scott,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

Early  in  April,  1808,  I  observed  a  chestnut-brown  Aphid  in  great 
numbers  attacking  plum  trees  in  an  orchard  at  Fort  Valley,  Ga.  The 
insects  were  crowded  thick  on  the  growing  tips  and  leaves  of  several 
thousand  plum  trees,  and  their  injurious  effects  were  then  evidenced 

by  the  curled  and  twisted  condition  of 
the  leaves  and  stunted  appearance  of 
the  young  shoots. 

Thinking  it  was  probably  only  one 
of  the  well-known  species  of  plant-lice 
common  to  the  plum,  I  took  no  special 
notice  of  it  more  than  to  have  the  in- 
fested trees  treated  with  10  per  cent 
kerosene  in  mechanical  mixture  with 
water,  which  proved  to  be  an  efficient 
remedy. 

Several  days  later  the  same  conditions 
were  found  in  plum  orchards  at  Mar- 
shallville,  and  during  the  course  of  the 
season  the  insect  was  located  at  a  num- 
ber of  places  in  middle  and  south 
Georgia.  The  following  year,  1890,  this 
insect  a  gain  showed  up  in  numbers  even 
more  injurious  than  when  first  observed.  Investigations  during  that 
year  showed  it  to  be  generally  distributed  over  the  State,  equally  preva- 
lent in  the  northern,  middle,  and  southern  x^ortions.  It  was  then  found 
to  infest  the  peach  as  well  as  the  plum.  Its  natural  food  plant  would 
appear  to  be  the  wild  plums,  as  these  were  found  badly  infested  in 
every  section  of  the  State.  Among  the  cultivated  plums  the  Wild 
Goose,  Robinson,  and  Mariana  appear  to  be  favorites  of  this  insect, 
but  the  Japanese  varieties  also  suffer  serious  damage  from  its  attacks. 


Fig.  1.—  Aphis  n.  sp:  stem  mother  on 
peach  and  plum  in  Georgia,  much  en- 
larged (from  drawing  fui*nished  by 

Scott). 


57 


In  July  of  the  same  year  specimens  of  this  Aphid  began  to  be  sent 
to  the  office  as  being  injurious  to  the  nursery  stock,  and  the  fall  nur- 
sery inspection  showed  it  to  be  a  serious  pest  in  the  nurseries,  particu- 
larly on  June-budded  peach  trees.  The  terminals  are  attacked  early 
in  the  season  and  further  growth  is  seriously  checked. 

It  soon  became  evident  that  this  plant-louse  was  not  one  of  the 
species  commonly  known  to  infest  stone-fruit  trees,  as  I  had  first 
su  pposed. 

Accordingly,  on  November  -4,  1899,  specimens  of  this  insect  were 
submitted  through  Dr.  Howard  to  Mr.  Pergande,  who  identified  it  as 
apparently  a  new  species  of  the  genus  Aphis.  (This  information  was 
accompanied  by  the  statement,  ;'I  think  it  well  worth  your  while  to 
make  a  careful  study  of  this  insect.") 

San  Jose  scale  overshadowed  every  other  pest,  and  all  of  my  time 
was  occupied  in  dealing  with  it.  At  that  time,  therefore,  it  was  out 
of  the  question  to  start  any  breeding  work  whatever,  and  nothing 


Pig.  2.— Aphis  n.  Bp:  winged  form  on  peach  and  plum  in  Georgia,  much  enlarged 
(from  drawing  ftirnished  by  Scott). 


could  be  done  on  the  Aphis  more  than  to  make  general  field  notes. 
At  the  last  session  of  the  State  legislature,  however,  I  was  given  an 
additional  appropriation,  which  made  possible  the  employment  of  an 
assistant  and  an  extension  of  the  work. 

AVhile  the  nursery  and  orchard  police  work  still  demands  most  of 
the  time  of  both  my  assistant,  Mr.  W.  F.  Fiske,  and  myself,  it  was 
decided  that  between  us  we  might  trace  out  the  life  history  of  this 
new  Aphid.  Accordingly,  on  March  25,  1901,  a  plum  tree  in  Atlanta, 
which  I  had  noted  the  previous  year  as  being  badly  infested  with  the 
lice,  was  examined  just  in  time  to  find  the  newly  issued  to  nearly  full- 
grown  larva-  present.  These  had  apparently  hatched  from  over- 
wintering eggs,  as  evidenced  by  the  presence  near  them  of  the  dark- 
brown  shells,  and  the  five  antennal  joints  that  developed  in  the  adult 
as  against  six  joints  in  the  adults  of  succeeding  generations. 

From  these  stem  mothers,  colonies  were  established  both  in  the 
laboratories  and  in  the  open  air  on  young  plum  trees  grown  from 


58 


Mariana  cuttings  and  also  on  peach  seedlings.  Isolated  colonies  on 
the  original  plum  tree  were  also  watched. 

In  some  colonies  when  members  of  the  fifth  generation  reached 
maturity,  on  May  8,  winged  individuals  developed,  while  in  other 
colonies  the  winged  form  did  not  appear  until  the  sixth  and  seventh 
generations  were  reached.  Our  field  notes  show  that  the  winged 
form  appeared  in  south  Georgia  as  early  as  April  18,  and,  indeed, 
winged  individuals  were  found  in  great  numbers  in  Atlanta  on  a  plum 
tree  that  was  not  at  first  under  observation  as  early  as  May  1. 

All  forms  that  have  been  observed  to  the  present  date  are  partheno- 
genetic.  Only  a  small  percentage  of  a  colony  would  become  winged, 
but  winged  individuals  have  continued  to  develop  in  every  generation 
until  the  present  date  (August  1-1). 

After  about  twenty-four  hours 
from  maturity  the  winged  individ- 
uals leave  the  colony  and  estab- 
lish themselves,  either  singly  or 
in  groups  of  two  or  three,  upon 
neighboring  trees,  where  they  feed 
for  several  hours  before  giving  birth 
to  young.  The  terminals  of  succu- 
lent shoots  were  invariably  selected, 
and  the  peach  seemed  to  be  pre- 
ferred to  the  plum;  in  fact,  the 
winged  were  never  observed  to 
locate  on  the  plum,  although  sev- 
eral plum  trees  were  growing  on  the 
grounds. 

It  was  never  observed  that  the 
direct  offspring  of  the  winged  form 
developed  wings,  but  some  individ- 
uals of  the  second  and  succeeding 
generations  usually  do  so. 
It  was  also  observed  that  when  a  colony  was  kept  reduced  to  a 
small  number  of  individuals  no  winged  individuals  would  develop, 
but  when  allowed  to  increase  to  considerable  numbers  some  such 
would  always  appear. 

On  August  1±  some  of  the  colonies  had  been  carried  to  the  tenth 
generation  from  the  winged. 

In  order  to  get  further  assurance  I  hat  an  old  species  was  not  under 
observation,  specimens  were  taken  from  one  of  the  breeding  numbers 
and  submitted  to  Mr.  Pergande,  who  again  identified  the  insect  as  a 
new  species  of  the  genus  Aphis. 

It  is  desired  to  carry  this  breeding  work  on  until  the  true  males  and 
females  are  secured  before  describing  the  species. 
Achilla  bipunctcita  frequented  our  breedin 


FlG.  3.—  Aphis  n.  sp:  adult  from  wiuged 
form,  much  enlarged  I  from  drawing  fur- 
nished by  Scott). 


colonies  in  great  num- 


59 


bers,  and  it  was  a  continual  fight  between  us  and  the  beetles  as  to 
which  should  have  the  lice. 

The  larva'  of  Seym n us,  as  well  as  certain  Syrphid  flies  and  Chrys- 
opida?,  also  preyed  upon  this  Aphis. 


In  the  discussions  of  this  paper  Mr.  Ashmead  said  that  the  record 
of  this  new  Aphis  attacking  the  stone  fruits  was  very  interesting,  in- 
asmuch as  this  group  of  plants  already  suffered  from  the  attacks  of 
half  a  dozen  well-known  species  of  plant-lice.  He  suggested  that  the 
Aphidid?e  afforded  a  splendid  field  for  investigation,  and  that  there 
was  pressing  need  for  such  work.  He  said  that  Mr.  Pergande  was 
authority  on  this  group  and  had  in  his  possession  the  types  of  both 
Riley  and  Buckton. 

Mr.  Brunei-  said  that  his  former  assistant,  the  late  Mr.  Williams, 
did  extensi  ve  work  upon  the  aphides, 
describing  35  species,  but  that  his 
work  had  not  yet  been  published. 

Mr.  Gillette  called  attention  to  the 
great  danger  of  the  black  peach 
Aphis  being  disseminated  on  nur- 
sery stock,  and  said  that  it  had  been 
thus  communicated  to  Colorado  from 
Missouri. 

Next  in  order  was  a  talk  upon 


"Fightin 


funsrous 


Lincoln. 


insects  with 
diseases/'  by  L.  Brunei' 
Nebr. 

Mr.  Brunei'  said  in  part  that  the 
successful  control  of  the  chinch  bug 
in  some  sections   by  means  of  a 


fungous  disease  had  been  a  great 
calamity  to  working  entomologists. 


Fig.  4.— Aphis  n.  sp:  wingless  form  fourth 
generation,  fourth  stage,  much  enlarged 
(from  drawing  furnished  by  Scott). 


because  this  success  had  created 
a  false  belief  that  injurious  insects  in  general  could  be  controlled  by 
fungous  diseases.  As  examples  of  insects  destroyed  by  fungi  he 
mentioned  the  chinch  bug.  locusts,  and  house  flies.  He  said  that  the 
disease  among  grasshoppers  would  act  only  when  conditions  were 
favorable:  that  a  grasshopper  might  eat  a  diseased  one  and  be  immune 
if  conditions  were  not  just  right. 

He  had  received  from  the  Department  of  Agriculture  what  was 
supposed  to  be  the  South  American  locust  disease,  which  proved  to 
be  only  a  Mucor.  The  material  was  distributed  over  Xebraska,  and 
while  some  who  received  it  reported  good  results,  others  "cussed." 
In  his  experiments  he  had  found  that  none  of  the  locust  diseases  were 
successful. 


GO 


In  the  discussion  of  this  subject  Mr.  Gillette  said  that  he  often 
recommended  the  farmers  of  his  State  to  grind  the  diseased  and  dead 
grasshoppers  as  finely  as  possible  in  plenty  of  water  and  then  sprinkle 
the  water  upon  plants  where  the  grasshoppers  were  feeding.  In  his 
opinion  the  disease  germs  are  usually  present,  and  t  he  disease  will 
make  its  appearance  when  the  climatic  conditions  are  favorable.  He 
believes  the  only  object  in  scattering  the  germs  is  to  make  more 
certain  the  spread  of  the  disease  when  other  conditions  are  favorable. 

Mr.  Cockerell  was  of  the  opinion  that  the  diseases  of  insects  would 
not  be  effective  in  the  destruction  of  scattered  individuals,  but  that 
where  insects  were  crowded  together  the  introduction  of  disease  would 
meet  with  success.  He  thought  much  good  would  result  from  the 
dissemination  of  the  diseases  of  insects. 

Mr.  Hopkins  then  read  the  following  paper: 

INSECTS  DETRIMENTAL  AND  DESTRUCTIVE  TO  FOREST  PRODUCTS 
USED  FOR  CONSTRUCTING  MATERIAL. 

By  A.  D.  Hopkins,  Morgantown,  W.  Va. 

There  is  constantly  increasing  complaint  among  the  manufacturers 
and  consumers  of  construction  timbers  relating  to  the  difficulty  of 
securing  material  that  is  free  from  defects  caused  by  wood-boring 
insects.  This  trouble  appears  to  be  due  to  two  conditions — one  a 
diminished  supply  of  the  best  timber,  the  other  that  of  increased 
injury  to  forest  trees  by  insects. 

The  increase  of  insects  is  largely  due,  it  is  believed,  to  prevailing 
crude  and  wasteful  methods  of  lumbering  and  general  forest  manage- 
ment. The  old,  defective,  and  undesirable  trees  are  allowed  to  stand, 
which,  with  the  stumps,  refuse  logs,  and  tops  in  the  cuttings,  serve  as 
breeding  places  for  vast  numbers  of  the  kinds  of  insects  which  are  to 
blame  for  the  injuries  complained  of,  as  well  as  for  increased  damage 
to  the  standing  timber  in  the  remaining  uncut  forests. 

THE  PRINCIPAL  INSECTS. 

The  principal  insects  which  are  injurious  to  the  wood  of  forest 
trees  and  their  timber  products  may  be  briefly  referred  to  as  follows : 

The  oak  timber  worm  (Eupsalis  minuta)  is  without  doubt  the  worst 
enemy  of  oak  wood  throughout  the  eastern,  middle,  and  southern 
United  States.  It  breeds  in  old  stumps  and  logs,  dead  and  defective 
standing  trees,  as  well  as  in  living  trees,  which  it  is  ever  ready  to 
enter  through  the  slightest  wound  in  the  outer  wood,  and  in  a  few 
years  the  larvae  of  successive  broods  penetrate  the  heart  wood  and 
extend  their  mines  for  a  long  distance  above  and  below  the  original 
entrance.  Under  favorable  conditions  the  larvae  will  continue  to 
work  in  the  heavy  lumber  and  square  timbers  cut  from  trees  thus 
infested  for  many  years  after  it  is  taken  from  the  woods  and  placed 
in  the  structure.    Especially  is  this  true  with  reference  to  oak  timber 


61 


used  in  railroad  construction,  such  as  ties  and  culvert,  bridge,  and 
trestling  timbers.  This  insect  will  breed  in  old  oak  logs  as  long  as 
there  is  sufficient  amount  of  sound  wood  for  it  to  work  in,  and  under 
favorable  conditions  it  will  doubtless  do  the  same  in  railroad  ties  and 
other  similar  material  which  comes  in  connection  with  the  ground. 

The  chestnut  timber  worm  (Lymexylon  sericeum)  is  another  exceed- 
ingly destructive  insect  to  the  wood  of  living,  dying,  and  dead  oak 
trees,  stuinps,  logs,  and  heavy  construction  timbers  as  long  as  the  con- 
ditions are  suitable  for  it  to  do  so.  The  destruction  of  the  wood  of 
old  chestnut  trees  throughout  the  Appalachian  region,  so  far  as  its 
value  for  construction  material  is  concerned,  is  well-nigh  complete. 
Otherwise  this  durable  and  valuable  timber  would  be  a  good  substi- 
tute for  the  rapidly  diminishing  oak,  and  on  account  of  its  rapid 
growth  from  a  young  sprout  to  a  tree  of  commercial  size  would  be  a 
most  profitable  forest  tree  to  grow  for  future  supplies. 

The  giant  root  borer  (Prionus  laticollis)  is  another  enemy  of  wood 
which  not  only  breeds  in  the  roots  and  stems  of  living  oak  and  other 
timber  trees,  but  in  old  stumps  and  logs,  railroad  and  other  timbers 
which,  owing  to  their  connection  with  the  ground,  retain  a  sufficient 
amount  of  moisture.  Some  years  ago  I  observed  a  large  number  of 
larva?,  apparently  of  this  species,  in  some  old  oak  railroad  ties  which 
were  being  removed  from  the  roadbed  in  front  of  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  station  in  Morgan  town.  It  is  therefore  evident  that  this  class 
of  large  wood  borers  contribute  not  a  little  to  the  rapid  deterioration 
of  oak  ties  and  other  timbers. 

There  is  another  class  of  Cerambycid,  or  round-headed  borers,  of 
the  Centrodera,  Leptura,  and  other  allied  genera,  which  breed  in  the 
wood  of  dead  trees  and  logs,  hence  are  capable  of  breeding  in  railroad 
ties  and  similar  construction  material.  There  are  also  many  species 
in  the  family  Buprestida?  with  similar  habit.  In  the  Scolytida?  there 
are  large  numbers  of  species  which  bore  in  the  wood  of  living,  dying, 
and  dead  trees  and  cause  serious  defects.  Indeed,  there  is  a  long  list 
of  species  of  Coleoptera  which  bore  in  the  wood  of  trees  and  construc- 
tion timbers  and  contribute  to  rapid  deterioration  and  decay. 

In  Lepidoptera  there  are  some  very  destructive  enemies  of  the  wood 
of  living  trees,  notably  the  carpenter  worms,  which  infest  the  oak  and 
locust  and  bore  large  holes  through  the  best  part  of  the  wood. 

In  Hymenoptera  there  are  certain  wood-boring  bees  and  ants  which 
do  great  harm  to  the  timber  and  other  woodwork  of  buildings,  bridges, 
and  railroads. 

In  Neuroptera  the  termites  are  among  the  most  destructive  enemies 
of  wood  and  of  wooden  structures,  working  both  in  the  moist  and 
sound  wood.  Recently  the  writer  has  determined  that  these  so-called 
white  ants  are  very  injurious  to  railroad  ties  and  other  railroad  timbers. 

Thus  a  great  variety  of  insects  are  to  blame  for  defective  timber. 
They  attack  the  dead,  living,  and  felled  trees,  the  rough  manufac- 
tured product  in  the  mill  yards  before  it  is  used,  after  it  is  used  in  the 


62 


structure,  and  until  it  is  so  badly  damaged  that  it  must  be  replaced 
by  new  material. 

When  we  take  into  consideration  the  enormous  amount  of  timber 
used  in  railroad  construction  alone,  and  the  damage  to  such  material 
by  insects,  from  the  time  it  is  taken  from  the  forest  until  it  is  replaced 
by  new  material  in  the  structure,  it  is  plain  that  we  have  in  this  an 
economic  problem  worthy  of  special  attention.  It  involves  not  only 
the  determination  of  methods  of  preventing  losses  to  vast  commercial 
interests,  but  the  conservation  of  our  forest  resources,  and  the  economy 
of  present  and  future  supplies  of  that  which  is  in  greatest  demand. 

When  there  was  an  abundant  supply  of  timber  it  was  possible  to 
select  only  the  best  and  to  discard  the  defective,  but  at  present  it  has 
become  necessary,  on  account  of  the  growing  scarcity,  to  use  much 
timber  that  is  defective.  This  is  evident  from  the  character  of  the 
railroad  ties  and  other  construction  material  observed  in  the  lumber 
yards,  and  piled  along  the  road  ready  for  use.  Therefore,  the  prob- 
lem of  treating  defective  timber  to  promote  its  durability  is  becoming 
an  important  one.  The  need  of  investigations  to  determine  the  true 
character  of  the  various  kinds  of  defects  caused  by  insects  and  their 
relations  to  the  entrance  of  wood-decaying  fungi,  as  a  preliminary  to 
the  discovery  and  adoption  of  practical  methods  of  checking  or  pre- 
venting premature  decay,  is  apparent. 

In  the  accumulation  of  data  relating  to  the  kinds  of  insects  to  blame 
for  the  commoner  injuries,  and  to  some  important  features  in  their 
habits,  life  history,  and  distribution,  considerable  progress  has  been 
made  within  recent  years.  While  this  technical  knowledge  of  the 
insects,  the  characteristics  of  their  habits,  and  the  character  of  their 
work  is  of  prime  importance  in  suggesting  methods  of  preventing 
losses,  there  is  a  feature  relating  to  experiments  with  such  methods 
to  determine  and  demonstrate  their  practical  application,  which 
requires  a  considerabty  greater  expenditure  of  money  and  time  than  has 
yet  been  available.  Indeed,  the  funds  available  from  public  appro- 
priations for  original  investigations  of  this  character  are  not  sufficient 
to  warrant  the  undertaking  of  the  elaborate  experiments  necessary. 
If,  however,  private  individuals,  or  companies  whose  immediate  inter- 
ests are  involved,  would  cooperate  with  departments  of  scientific 
research  in  this  work,  as  is  being  done  in  some  other  lines  of  investiga- 
tion relating  to  forestry  problems,  it  is  believed  that  results  of  the 
greatest  value  could  be  attained. 


Mr.  Cockerell  asked  whether  a  moderate  number  of  forest -pests 
might  not  in  a  way  be  beneficial  by  killing  out  the  old  trees  and  leav- 
ing room  for  the  young  ones  to  grow.  He  also  mentioned  the  curious 
habits  of  the  sugar  cane  Xyleborus  in  the  West  Indies,  which,  from 
attacking  dead  wood,  had  come  to  attack  the  living  sugar  cane. 


63 


Mr.  Scott  suggested  that  Georgia  afforded  a  splendid  field  for  inves- 
tigations of  this  nature,  as  valuable  timber  in  that  State  was  being 
rapidly  destroyed  by  the  work  of  insects.  He  made  particular  refer- 
ence to  the  wholesale  destruction  of  chestnut  and  oak. 

Mr.  Brunei*  said  that  he  had  been  connected  with  growing  trees 
upon  forest  reserves  and  that  he  had  seen  the  destructive  work  of 
these  forest  insects.  He  said  that  species  of  Dendroctonus  kill  thou- 
sands of  trees  in  the  forests  of  the  Black  Hills.  He  thought  the 
Bureau  of  Forestry  should  take  up  the  matter  of  insects  in  connection 
with  other  work,  and  he  thought  the  time  ripe  for  the  publication  of 
a  manual  on  forest  insects. 

Mr.  Hopkins  said  that  the  species  of  Dendroctonus  referred  to  was 
evidently  the  one  lie  had  determined  as  a  new  species,  from  specimens 
sent  to  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  from  the  Black 
Hills,  to  which  he  had  given  the  manuscript  name  Dendroctonus 
jjonderosa.  He  also  said  that  it  belonged  to  the  division  of  the  genus 
which  includes  the  most  destructive  enemies  of  the  pine  and  was, 
therefore,  doubtless  the  one  to  blame  for  the  serious  troubles  which 
from  time  to  time  during  the  past  three  years  has  been  reported  from 
the  Black  Hills  region. 

Mr.  Felt  followed  with  his  paper  entitled : 

OBSERVATIONS  ON  FOREST  AND  SHADE  TREE  INSECTS  IN  NEW 

YORK  STATE. 

By  E.  P.  Felt,  Albany,  TV.  Y. 

The  season  of  1901  has  not  been  specialty  notable  on  account  of 
insects  depredating  on  either  forest  or  shade  trees.  ^The  senatorial 
oak  worm  (Anisota  senatoria  Sm.  &  Abb. )  is  more  or  less  abundant 
every  year  at  Karner,  only  7  miles  from  Albany.  This  summer  there 
was  a  very  large  deposition  of  eggs,  and  by  July  27  it  was  easy  to  find 
entire  shoots  defoliated,  and  none  of  the  larva3  were  more  than  one- 
third  grown.  The  scrub  oaks  ( Quercus  prinoides  and  Q.  ilicifolia)  are 
likely  to  suffer  severely  before  the  end  of  the  summer,  as  is  not  infre- 
quently the  case.  The  web  nests  of  Cacozia  argyrospila  Walk,  were 
not  uncommon  on  the  same  oaks,  the  moths  emerging  at  intervals 
during  the  greater  part  of  July  and  in  earl}7  August. 

Systematic  collecting  at  intervals  of  ten  to  fifteen  days  throughout 
the  season  has  been  practiced  at  Karner,  where  there  is  an  admirable 
growth  of  scrub  oaks  and  small  hard  pines  (Pinus  rigida).  A  portion 
of  the  results  are  given  at  this  time. 

The  two  large  Buprestids,  Chalcopliora  virginiensis  Drury  and  C. 
liberta  Germ.,  were  taken  throughout  June  and  in  early  July,  and  two 
of  the  former  species  were  captured  August  9,  though  not  met  with 
on  two  previous  trips.  Large  numbers  of  smaller  Buprestids  were 
also  taken  on  pine,  but  they  are  not  included  in  this  account,  as  they 


64 

have  not  been  determined.  Anomala  lucicola  Fabr.  was  present  in 
considerable  numbers,  most  ly  on  pine,  though  not  uncommon  on  oak, 
Prom  June  26  to  July  19,  and  a  few  were  taken  as  late  as  the  27th.  One 
or  more  species  of  Dichelonycha  occurred  rather  abundantly  during 
the  latter  half  of  June  and  the  first  week  of  July.  Monohammus  scu- 
ff llatus  Say  and  M.  titiUator  Fabr.  were  taken  in  very  small  numbers, 
though  larva1  which  must  belong  to  these  species  and  to  M.  confusor 
Kirby  appeared  to  be  common  enough  in  this  locality.  Glyptoscelis 
hirtus  Oliv.  was  captured  on  hard  pine  in  rather  small  numbers  from 
June  4  to  20.  The  common  pine  weevil  (Pissodes  strobi  Peck.)  was 
obtained  in  large  numbers  on  hard  pine,  it  being  specially  abundant 
in  June,  but  occurring  in  small  numbers  throughout  July  and  in  early 
August.  Two  other  weevils  (Magdalis  lecontei  Horn  and  M.  alutacea 
Lec.)  were  also  taken  throughout  June  and  during  the  first  week  in 
July  in  association  with  the  white  pine  weevil.  The  former  of  these 
two  was  even  more  abundant  than  the  Pissodes. 

Bark-borers. — The  hard  pines  at  Manor,  Long  Island,  the  white 
pines  in  the  vicinity  of  Albany,  and  the  balsam  or  fir  trees  of  the 
Adirondacks  have  all  suffered  more  or  less  from  the  attacks  of  various 
species  of  bark-borers.  Investigations  in  all  of  these  localities  failed 
to  reveal  adequate  cause  for  the  great  mortality  among  these  trees 
unless  it  be  due  to  the  work  of  species  of  Tomicus.  I  am  well  aware 
that  Dr.  Hopkins,  who  has  made  a  special  study  of  bark-borers  and 
is  a  well  recognized  authority  on  the  group,  inclines  to  lay  blame  on 
forms  belonging  in  some  other  genus.  The  work  of  Dendroctonus 
terebrans  Oliv.  was  very  common  at  the  bases  of  the  hard  pines  on 
Long  Island,  and  I  found  it  in  smaller  numbers  in  white  pines  about 
Albany,  but  never  in  large  enough  numbers  to  cause  very  serious 
injury.  In  both  of  these  localities,  however,  Tomicus  calligraphus 
Germ,  and  T.  cacographus  Lec.  and,  in  some  instances,  other  species 
were  uniformly  present  and  many  of  the  trees  bore  many  pitch  tubes, 
the  wTork  in  most  instances  of  the  first-named  form.  Tomicus  callig- 
raphus was  found  by  me  last  fall  working  in  enormous  numbers  in 
dying  white  pines,  the  beetles  not  hesitating  to  run  galleries  into  liv- 
ing, apparently  healthy  tissues,  and  so  abundant  was  the  insect  that 
I  eould  not  help  thinking  it  responsible  in  part,  at  least,  for  the  death 
of  the  tree.  This  month  I  have  found  undoubted  evidence  of  Tomi- 
cus calligraphus''  entering  what  to  every  appearance  were  healthy 
trees.  It  is  true  there  were  not  quite  so  many  branches  at  the  top  of 
the  tree  closely  inspected  as  there  frequently  is,  but  the  needles 
were  all  green  and  gave  no  evidence  of  injury,  and  the  bark  from  the 
base  of  the  trees  to  the  top  was  nice  and  green  so  far  as  the  eye  could 
discern,  and  yet  such  a  one  had  been  entered  in  large  numbers  by 
Tomicus  calligraphus,  and  the  beetles  are  even  now  running  primary 
galleries  and  depositing  eggs.  The  trunk  of  this  tree  was  well  spotted 
with  pitch  tubes,  and  small  masses  of  pitch  had  dropped  on  the  leaves 


65 


of  the  surrounding  shrubs.  The  tree  above  described  is  only  one  of 
a  number  which  show  an  attack  of  this  character  in  one  stage  or 
another.  The  condition  about  Albany  is  rather  serious  because  many 
of  the  nicest  trees  in  the  rather  small  groves  of  white  pine  are  dying 
from  the  effects  t>f  the  work  of  this  insect  and  of  its  allies.  At  Manor, 
Long  Island,  the  hard  pines  covering  an  area  of  approximately  GO 
square  miles  were  largely  killed  through  the  agency  of  bark-borers, 
and  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  species  of  Tomicus  have  consider- 
able to  do  with  the  matter.  Tomicus  cacographus  Lec.  and  T.  pint 
Say  were  frequently  associated  with  their  larger  relatives  and  in  some 
instances  may  be  the  first  to  attack  a  tree.  This  opinion  is  further 
strengthened  by  the  fact  that  Tomicus  balsameus  Lec.  undoubtedly 
kills  many  balsam  trees  in  the  Adirondacks.  I  have  found  this  spe- 
cies working  in  immense  numbers  in  the  entire  length  of  the  trunk  of 
large  balsams.  The  top  of  one  tree  examined  had  browned  some,  but 
the  lower  limbs  were  apparently  unaffected  at  the  time  it  was  cut  and 
inspected.  Adults  of  this  beetle  were  found  throughout  the  tree  run- 
ning transverse  galleries  in  green  tissues,  eggs  had  been  deposited  in 
many  instances  and  larva?  of  various  sizes  and  even  pupa3  were  found. 
A  very  interesting  case  of  complete  girdling  was  discovered.  Two 
beetles,  starting  from  the  point  of  entrance  on  a  green  limb  about  an 
inch  in  diameter,  worked  in  opposite  directions  around  the  limb,  and 
when  the  specimen  was  cut,  their  burrows  had  overlapped  each  other 
by  half  an  inch. 

Monohammus  displays  in  New  York  State  a  great  readiness  to  attack 
diseased  or  dying  trees,  and  I  have  noted  a  number  of  cases  where 
grubs  belonging  to  this  genus  and  also  Buprestid  larva?  were  working 
in  pines  which  appeared  to  have  suffered  no  greater  injury  from  other 
causes  than  a  slight  lowering  of  vitality  incident  to  drought  or  other 
unfavorable  conditions.  These  larva?,  though  working  in  consider- 
able numbers  in  living  tissues,  did  not  as  a  rule  cause  much  exuda- 
tion of  sap.  Dr.  Packard  records  in  Bulletin  7  of  the  United  States 
Entomological  Commission,  page  220,  his  belief  that  members  of  this 
genus  may  kill  balsam  or  fir  trees,  and  from  what  I  have  seen  in  the 
vicinity  of  Albany,  it  would  appear  that  this  may  also  be  true  of  pines. 
Adults  of  Monohammus  confusor  Kirby  were  taken  in  considerable 
numbers  on  one  white  pine,  and  it  is  presumable  that  most  of  the 
larva?  found  in  infested  trees  belong  to  this  species.  One  example  of 
Monohammus  titillaior  Fabr.,  one  of  M.  scutellatus  Say,  and  one  of 
Xylotrechus  sagittatus  Germ,  were  also  taken  on  the  same  tree. 

Elm  leaf-beetle  (Galerucella  luteola  Miill). — This  imported  species 
continues  to  be  a  serious  enemy  of  European  elms  in  Albany,  Troy,  and 
vicinity.  The  depredations  of  this  pest  have  been  so  severe  as  to  lead 
to  the  maintenance  and  operation  of  two  power-spraying  outfits  by 
the  municipality  of  Albany.  Two  are  also  in  operation  by  a  private 
party  in  Troy,  where  they  are  kept  busy  throughout  the  spraying  s< ja- 
il 823— No.  31—01  .5 


66 


son.  each  individual  paying  for  the  treatment  of  his  own  trees.  The 
general  condition  of  the  shade  trees  in  both  eities  is  rnnch  improved 
by  this  work,  and  considering  all  the  trees  in  the  streets  of  both  cities, 
the  results  are  decidedly  in  favor  of  Albany.  This  is  probably  due' 
almost  entirely  to  the  fact  that  it  is  much  more  economical  to  take  a 
street  at  a  time  and  spray  all  the  trees  than  1<>  go  hither  and  thither 
as  desired  by  private  parties.  The  former  is  possible  only  where  the 
city  undertakes  to  spray  all  the  trees  on  the  streets,  while  the  latter 
must  obtain  where  spraying  depends  upon  the  will  and  financial  abil- 
ity of  the  owner  of  the  abutting  property.  It  might  be  well  to  add, 
that  as  a  rule  Albanians  neglect  the  trees  on  their  own  premises,  while 
Trojans,  who  have  spraying  done,  invariably  include  the  trees  on  the 
premises  as  well  as  those  in  front  of  the  property.  The  elm  leaf- 
beetle  lias  almost  undisputed  sway  in  the  poorer  portions  of  Troy, 
because  the  residents  can  not  afford  to  have  their  trees  sprayed,  while 
in  Albany  these  as  well  as  those  inhabited  by  the  wealthier  class 
are  treated  and  the  results  are  most  beneficent,  because  it  is  in.  these 
poorer  quarters  that  shade  is  most  urgently  needed.  It  therefore 
seems  to  me  most  advisable  to  urge  the  prosecution  of  such  work, 
when  necessary,  upon  municipalities  rather  than  to  allow  it  to  depend 
upon  the  enterprise  of  private  individuals,  solely  because  it  means 
the  greatest  good  to  the  greatest  number  at  a  minimum  of  expenditure. 
This  imported  pest  is  slowly  extending  its  range  northward  of  Albany 
and  Troy  and  in  some  localities  where  no  spraying  is  done  it  is  this 
season  proving  a  scourge  to  both  European  and  American  elms. 

Forest  tent  caterpillar  (CUsioeampa  disstria  Hiibn.). — This  insect 
has  been  a  most  serious  pest  in  New  York  State  for  the  last  four  or 
five  years,  and  in  localities  here  and  there  it  has  proved  exceedingly 
destructive  this  season.  The  outbreak  of  1901,  so  far  as  I  can  learn, 
was  much  more  limited  in  area  than  in  the  previous  years  and  confined 
largely  to  sections  adjacent  to  where  the  insect  had  been  specially 
abundant  previously.  The  caterpillar  appears,  as  a  rule,  to  be  unable 
to  exist  in  large  numbers  in  one  locality  for  more  than  four  or  five 
years  in  succession.  This  is  probably  to  be  explained  by  the  local 
activity  of  natural  enemies.  Another  marked  feature  has  been  the 
increasing  predominance  of  the  pest  in  orchards.  It  is  perhaps  hardly 
necessary  to  add  that  most  of  the  injuries  in  orchards  could  have  been 
prevented  by  timely  and  thorough  spraying. 

Carpent<  r  moth  (Prionoxysius  robinice  Peck). — This  is  a  serious 
enemy  to  maple,  oak,  and  ash  trees  in  certain  sections  of  New  York 
State.  Its  destructive  work  at  Ogsd^nburg  was  brought  to  my  atten- 
tion by  Miss  Mary  B.  Sherman,  of  that  place,  and  through  her  some 
interesting  examples  of  the  borers'  work  in  sugar-maple  trees  were 
secured.  One-third  of  a  section  or  a  tree  about  15  inches  in  diameter 
was  fairly  riddled  with  the  large  burrows  of  the  caterpillar  of  this 
insect.    It  was  so  abundanl  as  to  ruin  a  number  of  fine  trees  in  that 


67 


locality  and  necessitate  their  removal.  The  work  of  this  pest  at 
Buffalo  was  brought  to  my  notice  by  Mr.  M.  F.  Adams,  of  that  city,  and 
through  his  kindness  I  have  been  able  to  secure  good  examples  of  the 
insects'  work  in  ash  and  to  observe  its  operations  in  oaks.  This  spe- 
cies also  occurs  on  Long  Island.  All  the  examples  of  its  work  seen 
by  me  show  that  the  full  grown  caterpillars  prefer  to  run  their  bur- 
rows at  some  depth  in  the  wood,  and  that  as  a  rule  they  run  so  close 
to  and  communicate  so  freely  with  each  other  as  to  destroy  the  value 
of  infested  trees  for  timber.  This  insect  also  causes  large  unsightly 
wounds  wherever  its  burrows  come  near  the  surface.  Caterpillars 
about  to  pupate  frequently  take*  refuge  in  these  channeled  wounds, 
from  which  the  pupa3  work  themselves  parti}7  out  before  the  disclosure 
of  the  imago.  The  eggs  are  probably  deposited  in  any  available 
crevice,  where  they  adhere  to  the  bark  rather  firmly.  A  piece  of  root 
which  had  been  bored  by  the  willow  curculio  (Cryptorhynchus  lapathi 
Linn.)  was  h7ing  in  a  breeding  cage  and  a  female  Prionoxystus 
embraced  the  opportunity  to  deposit  six  or  seven  eggs  well  within  the 
burrow. 

Apparently  the  females  do  not  hesitate  to  oviposit  before  the 
appearance  of  males.  Some  eggs  which  were  found  in  the  office 
hatched,  possibly  without  being  fertilized,  but  it  was  impossible  to 
prove  this  latter  point.  Dissection  of  a  well-distended  female,  which 
probably  had  deposited  no  eggs,  showed  that  she  contained  269  well- 
formed  ova  and  i33  which  were  partly  developed,  making  a  total 
of  402. 

The  small  Lecanium  nigrofasciatum  Perg.  has  proved  a  rather  seri- 
ous enemy  to  soft  maples  in  Albany.  This  scale  insect  has  been  so 
abundant  on  some  small  trees  as  to  nearly  cover  the  under  surface  of 
the  limbs,  and  so  much  honey  dew  was  exuded  that  the  walks  beneath 
were  kept  moist.  The  severe  drain  on  the  trees  prevented  much 
growth  and  resulted  in  the  killing  of  a  number  of  the  smaller  limbs. 
Badly  infested  twigs  have  a  marked  sour-semiputrid  odor,  due  in  all 
probability  to  the  decomposition  of  the  honeydew.  Young  began  to 
appear  in  Albany  about  June  14,  and  by  Jul}7  15  they  were  about  0.5 
mm.  long  and  were  thickly  set  on  the  smaller  twigs. 

Pseudococcus  aceris  Geoff. — This  comparatively  rare  species  was 
observed  in  immense  numbers  on  the  bark  of  a  hard  maple  at  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  August  6.  The  male  cocoons  were  present  in  thousands,  and 
in  places  formed  large  white  masses  on  the  trunk,  giving  a  tree  the 
appearance  of  being  affected  by  a  fungus.  Some  immature  individu- 
als were  wandering  over  the  masses  of  the  male  cocoons.  The  leaves 
were  also  badly  affected.  The  cottony  remains  of  adults  were  abun- 
dant, and  here  and  there  old  females  were  still  producing  young,  as  a 
number  of  very  small  individuals  were  observed,  and  partly  grown 
ones  were  assembled  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaf  in  long  rows  on 
both  sides  of  the  principal  veins.    There  is  a  marked  subacid,  not 


68 


unpleasant,  odor  about  this  species  when  present  in  Large  numbers. 
Ii  is  not  nearly  so  offensive  as  in  the  case  of  Leccwiiv/m  nigrofasciatum 
Peru. 

Chermes  pinicortieis  Fitch  is  always  more  or  less  injurious  to  white 
pines  in  Washington  Park,  Albany,  but  this  year  it  has  been  excep- 
tionally abundant,  not  only  giving  considerable  portions  of  the  trunks 
a  whitewashed  appearance,  but  literally  plastering  the  under  surface 
of  many  limbs.  A  number  of  these  pines,  as  a  consequence,  have  a 
thin  foliage  and  are  sickly. 


Mr.  Hopkins  congratulated  the  author  on  the  large  number  of  spe- 
cies recorded,  but  he  doubted  that  the  tent  caterpillar  had  so  changed 
its  habits  as  to  attack  pine.  He  was  of  the  opinion  that  the  occurrence 
of  this  insect  upon  pine  was  merely  accidental. 

Mr.  Ashmead  said  that  he  also  was  skeptical  about  the  occurrence 
of  the  tent  caterpillar  on  pine,  and  he  advised  Mr.  Felt  to  withhold 
that  statement  from  publication  until  further  investigation  could  be 
made. 

Mr.  Cockerell  mentioned  that  in  New  Mexico  the  larvae  of  Clisio- 
campa  fragilis  sometimes  crawled  up  the  pine  trees  and  pupated 
among  the  needles,  but  he  did  not  find  any  proof  that  they  ate  the 
leaves.  With  regard  to  the  insect  called  Pseudococcus  aceris  in  the 
Eastern  States,  it  could  not  be  placed  in  Westwood's  genus  Pseudococ- 
cus, but  belonged  to  Phenacoccus.  The  species  was  almost  certainly 
not  the  European  P.  aceris,  but  was  probably  American,  and  without 
a  name. 

The  secretaiy  read  the  titles  of  the  following  papers  by  absent  mem- 
bers, and,  upon  motion  of  Mr.  Bruner,  they  were  accepted  for  publi- 
cation in  the  Proceedings :  Review  of  the  White-Fty  Investigation  with 
Incidental  Problems,  by  H.  A.  Gossard,  Lake  City,  Fla.  Hydrocyanic 
Acid  Gas  Notes,  by  Charles  P.  Lounsbur}^  and  C.  W.  Mally,  Cape  Town, 
South  Africa.  The  Use  of  ^drocyanic  Acid  Gas  for  Exterminating 
Household  Insects,  by  W.  R.  Beattie,  Washington,  I).  C.  Insects  of 
the  Year  in  Ohio,  by  F.  M.  Webster  and  Wilmon  Newell,  Wooster, 
Ohio.  Fruit  Seriously  Injured  b}7  Moths,  by  C.  W.  Mally,  Cape  Town, 
South  Africa.  Notes  on  Four  Imported  Pests,  by  A.  H.  Kirkland, 
Boston,  Mass.  Drought,  Heat,  and  Insect  Life,  by  Miss  Mary  E. 
Murtfeldt,  Kirkwood,  Mo. 

REVIEW  OF  THE  WHITE-FLY  INVESTIGATION,  WITH  INCIDENTAL 

PROBLEMS. 

By  H.  A.  Gossard,  Lake  City,  Fla. 

The  white  fly  (Aleurodes  citri)  reached  its  maximum  of  destrnctive- 
ness  last  year,  and  called  forth  much  apprehension  both  within  the 
bounds  of  its  present  distribution  and  outside  of  them.    About  75  per 


69 


cent  of  the  orange  groves  in  Manatee  County  are  infested,  and  as  this 
county  puts  out  something  like  200,000  boxes  of  oranges  per  year, 
worth  on  an  average  $3  per  box,  and  since  infested  groves  usually  turn 
out  one  good  crop  not  oftener  than  once  in  two  years,  and  sometimes 
only  once  in  three  years,  it  is  only  reasonable  to  believe  that  with  the 
insect  absent  the  present  annual  yield  of  fruit  in  this  county  would 
be  more  than  doubled.  The  damage  to  this  single  county  alone  can 
be  hardly  less  than  one  quarter  of  a  million  dollars  per  year.  The 
direct  and  indirect  consequences  of  the  insect's  presence  in  the  State 
could  have  amounted  to  but  little  less  than  one  half  million  dollars 
the  past  year. 

I  believe  the  orange  industry  will  nourish  in  spite  of  the  fly  and, 
barring  freezes,  that  the  restoration  of  our  groves  over  middle  and 
northern  Florida  will  continue  at  a  rate  exceeding  that  of  white  fly 
dissemination,  but  if  present  conditions  continue  it  appears  that 
within  a  half  dozen  years  our  State  will  receive  almost  a  million  dol- 
lars less  than  it  would  with  clean  groves,  though  w^e  do  not  doubt 
that  the  total  income  from  the  crop  will  have  multiplied  as  many  or 
more  times  than  the  loss  during  the  interval.  I  am  very  sure  the 
insect  will  not  become  worse  anywhere  than  it  was  in  Manatee  County 
last  year,  and  if  groves  are  excellent  property  there  at  present  they 
will  remain  paying  holdings  in  said  county  and  elsewhere,  notwith- 
standing the  presence  of  the  fly. 

Signs  of  alleviation  from  the  pest  have  been  noted  for  some  years, 
but  not  until  last  year  did  the  value  of  its  fungous  enemies  become 
emphasized  to  the  most  casual  observer  as  a  more  than  decimating 
factor  in  its  extraordinary  numbers.  By  autumn  disease  had  so 
reduced  it  that  the  worst  infested  districts  are  this  year  cleaner  than 
the}r  have  been  during  any  of  the  three  seasons  since  coming  under 
my  observation.  A  visit  paid  to  the  infested  territory  in  early  July 
led  me  to  recommend  that  the  trees  be  left  to  themselves  until  the 
appearance  of  the  September  brood  of  larvae,  when  resin  wrash  might 
be  applied  if  the  fruit  was  becoming  smutty  with  mold. 

The  fungous  diseases  of  the  insect  seem  wrell  distributed  throughout 
the  State  where  the  fly  occurs,  but  may  have  been  introduced  -by  the 
hand  of  man  following  the  coming  of  the  fly.  I  have  observed  both 
the  red  fungus  (Aschersonia  aleurodis)  and  the  brown  fungus  over 
all  the  Manatee  River  section,  at  Myers,  and  at  Orlando.  The  grow- 
ers usually  make  an  effort  to  introduce  these  fungi  whenever  the 
Aleurodes  appears  in  a  new  locality.  The  brown  fungus  seems  more 
effective  than  the  red. 

Notwithstanding  the  mischief  the  white  fly  actually  does  and  the 
dread  it  inspires,  it  is  noteworthy  that  the  earliest  infested  grove  in 
south  Florida  on  the  west  coast,  that  of  C.  H.  Foster,  of  Manatee,  the 
one  mentioned  in  some  of  the  very  earliest  literature  of  white  fly 
(Insect  Life,  vol.  5,  p.  219),  and  hence  infested  for  at  least  ten 
years,  is  still  living  and  vigorous,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  trees, 


70 


and  looks  as  if  it  will  be  able  to  live  right  on  indefinitely.  The 
interior  and  shaded  branches,  instead  of  dying  out,  as  the}'  often  do, 
have  a  color,  thrift,  and  vigor  often  absent  in  groves  never  found  by 
a  white  fly.  These  trees  gave  a  fairly  good  crop  of  oranges  last  year,, 
this  year  promising  to  just  about  pay  for  the  cost  of  maintenance. 
No  spraying  has  been  done  or  other  measures  of  suppression  taken 
against  the  insect  for  some  years  in  this  grove.  Considering  its 
unquestionable  vitality  under  such  circumstances  and  the  vulner- 
ability of  white  fly  to  parasitic  and  predaceous  attack,  it-  seems 
impossible  to  doubt  that  natural  agencies  other  than  fungi  will  come 
to  the  relief  of  the  trees  before  their  life  is  spent.  However,  I  have 
seen  trees  unmistakably  killed  by  the  insect,  and  the  interior  branches 
very  often  die  from  its  attacks. 

UNRECORDED  POINTS  IN  ITS  LIFE  HISTORY. 

Some  adult  flies  of  the  fall  brood  may  be  observed,  by  reliable  report, 
in  early  December,  all  eggs  hatching  before  the  middle  of  that  month. 
Nearly  all  the  insects  are  in  the  third  or  fourth  stage  before  January 
1,  the  eggs  of  a  few  stragglers  alone  furnishing  specimens  in  the  first 
or  second  stage.  I  recall  no  instance  at  all  of  having  observed  the 
first  stage  as  late  as  Christmas.  The  earliest  imagos  were  observed 
upon  some  lemon  bushes  in  a  few  very  sunny  and  sheltered  spots  at 
Ellenton,  Fla. ,  on  the  11th  of  Februaiy.  Egg  laying  had  already  com- 
menced at  this  date.  The  body  of  the  spring  brood,  however,  does 
not  appear  until  in  April  and  May.  This  irregularity  of  appearance, 
with  the  late  and  early  dates  for  imagos,  suggests  that  the  late 
November  and  early  December  representatives  belong  to  a  straggling 
fourth  or  winter  brood.  Further  confirmation  of  such  a  guess  may  be 
found  in  the  marked  overlapping  of  broods,  especially  noticeable  in 
the  spring.  This  overlapping,  every  possible  stage  of  the  insect  being 
represented  at  the  same  date,  may  be  observed  in  one  spot,  but  its 
value  as  evidence  of  a  fourth  brood  is  somewhat  diminished  by  the 
fact  that  the  appearance  of  corresponding  broods  may  vary  two  or 
three  weeks  in  places  not  20  miles  apart. 

A  leaf  of  young  orange,  5  inches  long  and  2|  inches  wide  in  the  mid- 
dle, collected  at  Myers  June  22, 1901,  by  careful  mathematical  compu- 
tation had  upon  it  upward  of  20,000  eggs.  While  so  many  eggs  upon 
so  small  a  space  is  rather  unusual  it  can  not  be  said  to  be  rare,  for  I 
have  observed  them  as  thickly  placed  man}7  times. 

SPRAYS. 

Resin  wash  is  the  spray  most  commonly  used  to  destroy  the  insect. 
In  the  hands  of  one  who  understands  its  use  satisfactory  results  are 
almost  certain  to  follow.  If  no  attention  at  all  is  given  the  insect,  the 
smutted  fruit  must  be  cleaned  with  a  dampened  cloth  and  sawdust  or 
by  some  form  of  brush  machine,  the  carrying  qualities  of  the  fruit 
being  much  impaired  by  either  method.  Kerosene  sprays  are  as 
effective  as  the  resin  wash. 


71 


TREATMENT  BY  FUMIGATION. 

The  assistance  of  Prof.  C.  W.  Woodworth,  of  the  California  Experi- 
ment Station,  was  secured  for  a  month  last  winter,  and  his  suggestions 
and  experience  were  utilized  during  this  period.  Various  styles  of 
tents — hoop,  sheet,  and  bell — were  made  ready,  from  8-ounce  duck  or 
6-ounce  drilling,  the  cloth  being  mildew  proofed  at  the  tent  factoiy. 
When  upon  the  ground  where  they  were  to  be  used  they  were  painted 
witli  linseed  oil,  into  which  enough  lampblack  was  stirred  to  give  body 
and  color  to  the  preparation. 

Some  trouble  with  burning  of  cloth  was  experienced,  it  being  found 
to  be  almost  impossible  to  paint  a  large  bell  tent  without  serious  dam- 
age, necessitating  extensive  patching,  unless  the  derrick  upon  which 
it  was  swung  was  in  perfect  working  order  and  repair,  so  as  to  avoid 
the  risk  of  leaving  a  fold  in  the  canvas  for  even  a  short  time  while 
drying  out.  The  weight  of  oiled  tents  is  also  a  great  objection  to  them. 
Cactus  juice  is  not  available  in  Florida  in  sufficient  quantity  for  tent 
treatment  and  some  new  application  must  be  found.  A  preparation 
used  by  sailors  in  semitropical  waters  has  come  to  my  attention,  and  I 
hope  it  is  not  without  value.  Mr.  Arthur  Weaver,  who  superintended 
the  fumigation  of  Mr.  A.  G.  Liles's  grove,  used  the  preparation  and 
reported  it  lighter,  tighter,  cheaper,  and  more  satisfactory  in  every 
respect  than  oil,  with  which  he  had  had  equal  experience.  It  is  said 
not  to  burn  cloth  and  to  be  mildew  proof.  Cloth  so  treated  and  in  use 
upon  boats  in  Gulf  waters  is  said  to  last  five  or  six  years.  Such  endur- 
ing quality  is  a  very  great  consideration  in  our  moist  climate;  and  if 
continued  experience  with  the  recipe  proves  it  to  be  as  satisfactory  as 
reported,  I  shall  feel  that  one  long  step  forward  has  been  taken.  As 
the  recipe  came  to  me  but  recently,  I  have  not  yet  given  it  a  personal 
test.  The  formula  for  this  paint,  as  used  by  Mr.  "Weaver,  is  given  in 
the  Annual  Report  of  Florida  Experiment  Station,  now  in  the  hands 
of  the  printer.  The  remainder  of  this  paper,  as  well  as  much  of  that 
already  given,  consists  in  the  main  of  almost  verbatim  extracts  from 
said  report. 

For  trees  not  over  12  feet  high  hoop  tents  were  found  to  be  most 
satisfactory.  Above  that  to  20  feet  in  height  I  think  sheet  tents  will 
prove  best.  Above  20  feet  the  bell  or  sheet  will  be  most  satisfactory. 
As  one  result  of  the  work,  a  new  pattern  of  derrick  was  devised  for 
swinging  large  bell  tents,  which  seems  more  flexible  to  varying  require- 
ments than  the  California  patterns,  or  perhaps  I  should  designate  tents 
handled  thus  as  box  tents,  for  they  are  swung  in  pairs  with  the  derrick 
upon  the  same  general  principle  as  the  box  tent,  i.  e.,  the  type  of 
box  tent  described  in  Bulletin  122  of  the  California  station,  a  derrick 
being  substituted  for  the  lifter.  The  idea  that  a  bell  tent  might  be 
handled  like  a  box  tent  was  due  to  Professor  Woodworth,  who  men- 
tioned it  upon  the  day  of  his  departure,  and  the  practical  working  out 
of  the  idea  was  achieved  by  the  writer's  combination  of  ideas  derived 
from  various  sources. 


72 


The  main  mast  of  the  derrick  is  of  spruce  pine,  about  35  feet  high 
for  trees  30  feet  in  height,  and  stands  between  the  rows  to  be  treated. 
To  each  side  of  LI  is  all  ached  a  gaff  22  feel  long,  also  of  spruce  pine. 
The  foot  of  the  gaff  clasps  the  mas1  with  arms  of  oak,  being  raised 
and  lowered  with  double  blocks  and  pulleys  exactly  after  the  manner 
of  a  ship  gaff.  The  top  of  the  gaff  is  double  blocked  and  pulleyed  to 
the  top  of  the  mast,  so  by  means  of  its  top  and  bottom  attachments 
the  gaff  can  be  raised  to  any  height,  its  top  many  feet  above  the  top 
of  the  mast,  if  necessary,  or  it  can  be  lowered  to  reach  the  ground. 
Since  it  can  take  any  angle  of  direction  also  it  may  be  quickly 
adjusted  to  trees  of  any  height  and  at  variable  distances  from  the 
mast.  The  top  of  the  bell  is  attached  by  pulley  near  to  the  end  of 
the  gaff.  Three  trail  poles  of  hickory,  each  about  10  feet  in  length,  are 
fastened  to  one  side  of  the  lower  border  of  the  tent,  their  ends  being 
securely  lashed  to  each  other  with  rope,  so  that  when  the}'  pull  against 
each  other  the  rope  and  not  the  cloth  will  catch  the  strain.  The  clot  h 
is  caught  up  and  bagged  slightly  at  these  points  of  union  of  the  trail 
poles,  as  additional  protection  against  tearing.  The  center  of  each  of 
these  trail  poles  is  connected  with  the  top  of  the  gaff  by  pulley,  and 
thus  the  border  of  the  tent .  to  which  they  are  attached  may  be  ele- 
vated to  any  height,  the  opposite  border  swinging  free  within  reach 
near  the  ground.  A  trail  rope  is  attached  to  each  of  the  trail  poles.  All 
pulley  ropes  belonging  to  the  apparatus  are  secured  to  cleats  on  the 
mast. 

In  operation,  when  the  mainmast,  on  rollers  or  wheels,  has  been 
placed  in  position,  the  height  of  the  tree  to  be  fumigated  and  its  dis- 
tance from  the  mast  are  noted,  and  the  foot  of  the  gaff  is  raised  or 
lowered  to  the  point  of  greatest  advantage,  as  learned  from  experience. 
If  the  trees  of  a  grove  are  of  nearly  uniform  height  and  at  regular 
distances  apart  one  correct  adjustment  will  serve  for  the  whole  grove. 
A  similar  adjustment  is  made  of  the  top  of  the  gaff,  this  operation  by 
necessity  being  repeated  with  every  tree.  The  top  of  the  tent  is  next 
drawn  full}'  up  and  then  the  three  trail  poles;  the  hanging  free  edge 
near  the  ground  and  as  much  of  the  border  as  possible  is  now  brought 
into  position  and  the  top  of  the  gaff  lowered  some  if  necessary.  Slack 
is  now  given  to  the  trail  poles,  and  a  man  at  each  trail  rope  so  pulls 
the  pole  to  which  his  line  is  attached  that  the  whole  tent  drops  into 
position  over  the  tree.  The  lower  border  of  the  tent  must  be  extra 
strong  to  avoid  tearing.  It  is  best  bound  with  rope.  To  remove  the 
tent  from  the  tree  the  procedure  is  almost  exactly  reversed.  With 
men  trained  to  work  together  the  tent  may  be  lowered  over  a  tree  in 
seven  or  eight  minutes  and  removed  in  about  five.  Since  the  opera- 
tion of  removing  the  tent  from  one  tree  raises  it  almost  in  position  to 
drop  upon  the  next,  the  time  required  for  changing  will  not  be  the 
sum  of  eight  and  five  minutes,  but  the  last  five  minutes  is  divided 


73 


between  the  two  trees,  removing  from  the  one  and  at  the  same  time 
getting  almost  in  position  to  lower  npon  another  by  a  quick  adjust- 
ment of  the  angle  of  the  gaff,  it  requiring  less  than  eight  minutes  to 
cover  a  tree  from  this  position.  The  apparatus  requires  four  men, 
one  of  whom  may  be  the  fumigatorif  his  chemieals  have  been  weighed 
out  beforehand.  A  gang  of  four  can  operate  about  four  tents  or  two 
derricks.  This  gives  forty  minutes  to  the  tree  and  allows  ten  minutes 
for  shifting  of  each  tent.  In  order  to  realize  this  expeditiousness  in 
practice  all  apparatus  must  be  in  perfect  working  order  and  repair 
and  the  men  trained  to  handling  it.  The  results  secured  in  my  prac- 
tice satisfied  me  that  this  would  be  a  reasonable  estimate,  for  it  was 
done  often  enough  in  this  time  with  our  then  imperfected  apparatus 
to  justify  such  a  conclusion. 

Some  determinations  made  by  Professor  Miller,  of  the  chemical 
department,  are  of  interest  and  importance.  He  found  that  1  ounce 
of  sulphuric  acid  and  1  ounce  of  water,  mixed  and  cold,  when  added 
to  1  ounce  potassium  cyanide  yielded  428. 4  cubic  inches  of  gas;  that  1 
ounce  of  sulphuric  acid  and  1  ounce  of  water,  mixed  and  added  imme- 
diately while  warm  to  1  ounce  of  potassium  cyanide,  yielded  407. 0 
cubic  inches  of  gas,  greater  hy  a  little  more  than  9  per  cent  than  with 
a  cold  mixture  of  water  and  acid.  Mixing  the  acid  and  water,  there- 
fore, only  as  used  means  a  saving  of  G  or  7  cents  per  tree  on  large 
trees  requiring  2  pounds  of  cyanide.  He  further  determined  that  a 
greater  proportion  of  acid  did  not  materially  alter  the  result,  and  that 
ammonia  seems  not  to  be  formed  immediately  after  the  reaction  under 
labor  a  t  ory  cond  i  t  ions . 

A  number  of  experiments  were  made  with  citrus  twigs,  orange, 
lemon,  pomelo,  etc.,  infested  with  white  fly,  to  determine  the  suscepti- 
bility of  the  insect  to  the  gas,  dose  of  chemicals  to  use,  length  of  time 
•  necessary,  and  most  favorable  temperature  for  treatment,  influence 
of  moisture  present  upon  the  leaves  when  fumigated,  etc. 

It  was  found  that  in  its  larval  and  pupal  stages  the  insect  was  very 
readily  killed  by  much  lighter  doses  of  gas  than  are  commonly  used 
against  the  black  scale  in  California;  in  fact,  the  field  practice  with 
tents  demonstrated  that  the  dose  could  be  reduced  about  one-half; 
that  the  time  should  be  about  forty  minutes;  the  variation  in  tem- 
perature ordinarily  encountered  in  Florida  seems  to  be  a  neglectable 
factor;  moisture  did  not  seem  to  interfere  greatly  with  the  efficiency 
of  the  work  unless  the  leaves  were  almost  dripping,  when  it  became  a 
factor  of  much  disturbance,  though  not  so  great  as  I  had  thought 
probable. 

Trees  were  fumigated  in  the  field  in  warm  sunshine  at  all  hours  of  f  he 
day,  in  cloudy  weather,  and  at  night.  But  little  injury  to  trees  or  foli- 
age was  observed  if  fumigated  at  night,  during  cloudy  weather,  early  in 
the  morning,  or  late  in  the  evening.    Trees  fumigated  after  9  a.  m.  and 


74 


before  4  p.  m.  in  sunshine  were  invariably  somewhat  injured,  some  of 
the  younger  limbs  dying  back  and  all  the  leaves  usually  shedding. 
The  fallen  Leaves  were  all  replaced  by  new  growth  in  a  few  weeks  audi 
no  permanent  injury  was  done,  but  the  crop  upon  such  trees  was  not  ice- 
ably  reduced.  The  dropping  of  leaves  from  a  tree  in  Florida  has 
comparatively  little  significance,  the  trees  instead  of  dying,  as  they 
sometimes  do  in  California,  putting  on  new  foliage  and  going  along  as 
if  nothing  special  had  happened.  However,  the  burning  of  limbs  and 
injury  to  bloom  is  another  matter,  and  therefore  midday  fumigation 
can  hardly  be  practiced.  While  some  defoliation  occurred  with  t  ices 
fumigated  at  other  times  than  midday,  even  after  night,  it  was  not 
strikingly  noticeable  nor  was  damage  to  limbs  or  crop  of  sufficient 
amount  to  be  detected  after  a  few  months.  Some  of  this  work  was 
done  as  late  as  February  18,  when  the  blossoms  were  beginning  to  open, 
some  of  them  being  well  expanded.  The  bloom  seemed  unaffected  by 
the  treatment  unless  the  work  was  done  with  the  sun  at  high  meridian. 

The  white  fly  seemed  practically  exterminated  upon  the  treated 
trees.  In  examining  hundreds  of  leaves  from  dozens  of  trees  about 
ten  days  after  they  were  fumigated,  and  covering  thousands  of  insects, 

1  was  able  to  find  but  a  single  living  specimen.  If  a  grove  was  segre- 
gated from  all  others,  I  have  no  doubt  that  one  fumigation  would 
render  it  so  nearly  clean  that  it  would  need  no  additional  attention 
for  two  or  three  years.  The  great  hindrance  to  its  becoming  a  prac- 
ticable remedy  is  that  few  groves  are  so  isolated  that  the  fly  will  not 
come  to  them  from  neighboring  groves,  and  since  the  insect  seeks 
young  and  tender  growth  for  egg-laying  purposes  there  is,  perhapsj 
some  tendency  for  it  to  go  to  trees  that  have  been  fumigated  and  are 
therefore  putting  out  new  growth.  Under  ordinary  circumstances 
the  insect  is  not  a  great  traveler,  though  winged,  and  will  often  take 
a  whole  season,  extending  over  three  full  broods,  to  spread  over  a 
10-acre  grove.  Its  progress  will  be  marked  by  the  trees  showing- 
sooty  mold. 

Special  observations  were  made  to  determine  the  effect  of  the  gas 
upon  ladybugs.  On  the  afternoon  of  January  22,  72  ladybugs,  almost 
all  Chilocorus  bivulnerus,  which  had  fallen  to  the  ground  under  fumi- 
gation treatment,  were  placed  in  a  shallow  tin  box  and  left  until 
January  23;  at  9.30.  a.  m.  of  the  latter  date  70  beetles  were  in  the 
box,  a  few  of  them  active;  at  4  p.  m.  00  remained  in  the  box,  about  a 
dozen  of  them  showing  signs  of  activity.    At  8.45  a.  m.  January  2-t 

02  ladybugs  were  in  the  box,  and  00  at  12.40  p.  m.  The  60  never 
exhibited  signs  of  animation,  all  being  observed  to  be  dead  several 
days  afterwards.  January  24,  by  1  p.  m. ,  another  lot  of  176  fallen  bugs, 
nearly  all  of  the  same  species  as  before,  was  collected  and  kept  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  first  ones.  January  25,  at  4.30  p.  m.,  100  of  these 
were  dead,  10  out  of  the  lot  having  recovered.  In  the  first  lot  10  per 
cent  of  the  whole  revived;  in  the  second  lot  about  9  per  cent. 


75 


HYDROCYANIC  ACID  GAS  NOTES. 

By  Charles  P.  Lounsbury  and  C.  W.  Mally,  Capetown,  South  Africa. 

The  submittal  of  these  notes  is  prompted  by  the  increasing*  employ- 
ment of  hydrocyanic  acid  gas  as  an  insecticidal  agent  in  closed  build- 
ings other  than  for  the  destruction  of  insects  accompanying  nursery 
stock.  Of  late  we  note  recommendations  in  American  rural  papers 
for  its  use  in  dwellings  to  destroy  bedbugs,  the  strengths  mentioned 
being  those  ordinarily  employed  for  scale  insects.  Scale  insects,  we 
have  found,  are  exceptionally  easy  to  destroy  by  the  gas,  and  there- 
fore our  experiences  in  the  treatment  of  more  resistant  insects  and 
some  miscellaneous  tests  we  have  made  may  have  interest  to  Ameri- 
can workers. 

The  gas  has  been  regularly  used  during  the  past  two  and  a  half 
years  to  effect  the  destruction  of  vermin  in  the  sleeping  coaches  on 
the  various  systems  of  the  Cape  government  railways.  With  the 
adoption  of  this  treatment,  complaints  from  bug-bitten  passengers, 
before  very  frequent,  abruptty  ceased.  On  recent  inquiry  it  was 
ascertained  that  the  railway  management  remains  perfectly  satisfied 
with  the  measure.  Bugs  are  no  longer  found,  but  the  coaches  are 
treated  once  in  about  four  months.  Two  1-pound  charges  of  98  per- 
cent of  c}Tanide  are  used  to  a  coach  and  the  exposure  continued  from 
two  to  four  hours  according  to  the  length  of  time  available  for  the 
work.  Two  pounds  to  a  coach  is  about  equivalent  to  an  ounce  to 
every  80  cubic  feet. 

Many  of  the  colonial  jails  swarm  with  vermin  despite  many  methods 
employed  to  mitigate  the  pest.  Carbolic  preparations,  the  use  of 
corrosive  sublimate  in  whitewash  and  as  a  spray,  the  burning  of  sul- 
phur, and  the  liberation  of  sulphurous  acid  fumes  are  all  reported 
inefficient.  Hydrocyanic  acid  gas  is  now  coining  into  use  as  a  last 
resort.  Under  our  direction  several  jails  have  been  treated  with  suc- 
cess, and  it  is  understood  that  the  government  will  soon  have  arrange- 
ments complete  for  a  regular  and  systematic  fumigation  of  all  the 
infested  premises.  The  personal  condition  of  the  lower-class  prisoner 
on  entering  is  often  so  indescribably  filthy  that  continual  reinfesta- 
tion  must  be  contended  with;  hence  the  expediency  of  regular  appli- 
cations of  the  remedy.  From  1  pound  of  cyanide  for  1,000  cubic  feet 
to  1  pound  for  1,000  cubic  feet  is  used  for  jail  work,  the  relative 
amount  being  governed  to  some  degree  by  the  extent  of  unavoidable 
leakage,  the  nature  of  the  contents  that  may  be  harboring  the  pest, 
and  the  season  of  the  year.  No  trouble  is  spared  to  make  a  space 
tight;  particular  attention  is  paid  to  the  roof  and  in  case  this  be  of 
corrugated  iron,  as  is  common  in  the  colony,  the  corrugations  over  the 
sills  and  along  the  ridge  are  stopped  with  plugs  of  burlap  or  plugged 
with  clay.  The  higher  the  roof  the  greater  is  the  care  exercised  in 
making  it  tight,  thus  to  offset  the  greater  upward  draft  of  air. 


76 


Blankets  and  as  far  as  possible  all  else  that  comes  in  contact  with  the! 
prisoners  arc  so  disposed  as  to  be  most  freely  exposed  to  the  action] 
of  the  gas;  suspension  of  sleeping  blankets  by  one  corner  from  grat- 
ings forming  the  floors  of  galleries  is  sometimes  practicable.  The 
exposure  is  continued  as  long  as  circumstances  allow,  with  a  minimum 
of  two  hours. 

The  procedure  of  the  work  is  kept  as  simple  as  possible,  and  no 
especial  dimcuhty  is  experienced  in  treating  comparatively  large 
spaces.  A  number  of  cells  sometimes  have  to  be  treated  as  a  unit. 
In  one  case  a  corridor  90  feet  long,  extending  in  cupolas  to  a  height 
of  50  feet,  and  inclosing  with  its  connecting  cells  an  aggregate  of 
140,000  cubic  feet,  was  treated  as  one  space.  Fortj^-three  charges, 
each  weighing  3  pounds,  were  used,  and  20  of  these  were  generated  in 
cells  off  a  gallery  above  the  main  floor.  Five-gallon  tins,  in  which 
kerosene  oil  has  been  imported,  and  from  which  the  tops  have  been 
cut,  are  generally  used  for  large  charges.  These  are  found  safely  to 
take  3  pounds  of  cyanide,  and  to  be  serviceable  for  two  or  three 
usages.  Their  recommendation  is  their  ubiquity  in  this  country  and 
their  inexpensiveness.  As  in  orchard  fumigation,  2  ounces  by  meas- 
ure of  water  and  1  ounce  by  measure  of  sulphuric  acid  are  used  to  an 
ounce  by  weight  of  cyanide ;  thus  for  a  3-pound  charge  of  the  latter, 
3  pints  (United  States  measure)  of  acid  are  added  to  6  pints  of  water. 
When  a  space  necessitating  the  employment  of  many  generating 
vessels  is  to  be  treated,  as  was  the  case  in  doing  the  corridor  above 
mentioned,  the  water  only  is  measured  directly  into  the  vessels,  these 
being  then,  if  not  before,  placed  in  the  positions  desired.  The  acid 
is  measured  into  small  receptacles,  as  tin  basins,  placed  within  an 
arm's  length  of  the  vessels,  and  the  required  weight  of  cyanide  for 
each,  for  convenience  in  handling  laid  on  a  square  of  cheese  cloth, 
mosquito  netting,  or  even  newspaper,  is  also  laid  within  reach. 
Squares  of  cheese  cloth,  made  bag-like  by  tying  the  alternate  corners, 
are  preferred  for  holding  the  cyanide,  particularly  when  the  series  of 
discharges  to  be  made  is  a  long  one.  When  the  time  comes  to  "fire," 
an  assistant,  beginning  at  the  farthest  corner  from  the  exit,  pours 
the  respective  measure  of  acid  into  vessel  after  vessel,  and  Avhen  he 
has  a  start  of  half  a  dozen  vessels  the  operator  follows,  and,  with  the 
greatest  dispatch  compatible  with  certainty  in  action  and  care  to 
avoid  splashing,  drops  the  bags  of  cyanide  into  the  steaming  acid- 
water  mixtures.  Familiarity  with  the  work,  quickness  of  movement, 
and  a  cool  head  are  essential  to  safety,  and  no  person  not  possessing 
these  qualifications  should  attempt  multiple  discharges.  When  the 
series  is  short  the  operator  himself  may  attend  to  the  addition  of  both 
the  acid  and  the  cyanide,  and  even  measure  the  acid  directly  into  the 
water.  The  objection  to  following  this  procedure  in  long  series  is 
that  the  acid- water  mixtures  may  have  time  to  cool,  and  therefore 
fail  to  fully  react  upon  the  cyanide,  particularly  the  larger  lumps. 


77 


\Ve  consider  this  hand  dropping  of  the  C3ranide  into  vessel  after 
vessel  far  safer  and  much  more  expeditious  than  methods  of  drop- 
ping which  involve  the  use  of  strings  manipulated  from  without  the 
space.  The  cloth  bag  facilitates  the  dropping  act,  and  retards  but 
for  a  brief  space  the  evolution  of  the  gas.  Curiously  the  cloth  is 
sometimes  practically  uninjured  by  the  chemicals. 

Great  care  is  always  needed  when  the  spaces  are  opened  for  venti- 
lation to  keep  out  inquisitive  parties,  and  it  is  then  that  the  responsi- 
bility of  the  operator  is  greatest.  On  still  days  the  generation  of 
heat  by  fires  and  the  burning  of  large  lamps  is  useful  to  expedite 
renewal  of  the  air.  The  gas  soon  dissipates  from  empty  rooms,  but 
clings  to  bedding  somewhat  tenaciously;  hence  several  hours'  airing 
is  desirable  if  severe  headaches  are  to  be  avoided.  It  has  been  noticed 
that  persons  with  weak  lungs,  of  which  there  are  many  in  some 
prisons  among  long-term  convicts,  suffer  painful  inconvenience  from 
traces  of  gas  unnoticed  by  their  healthier  fellow-prisoners. 

The  public  department  in  charge  of  plague  work  administration 
has  begun  to  make  limited  use  of  the  gas  for  dwelling  fumigation  to 
effect  the  riddance  of  bugs,  fleas,  and  lice.  The  procedure  followed 
is  the  same  as  in  jail  work  and  the  same  strength  of  gas  is  used;  as 
prolonged  control  over  the  premises  can  be  had,  the  exposure  is  made 
longer,  as  overnight. 

These  various  governmental  uses  of  the  gas  have  not  been  inaugu- 
rated without  experimental  demonstration  of  its  efficiency.  Our 
tests,  conducted  in  tight  spaces,  have  shown  that  much  stronger  gas 
is  required  to  destroy  bedbugs  than  to  destroy  armored  scale  insects. 
For  convenience  we  express  the  strength  of  gas  as  the  ratio  of  the 
number  of  ounces  of  cyanide  used  to  the  number  of  cubic  feet  in 
the  space  inclosed.  Gas  at  a  strength  of  1  ounce  to  450  cubic  feet 
appears  to  be  uniformly  fatal  to  scale  insects  (Aspidiotus  aurantii,  A. 
nerii,  A.  rapax,  and  Diaspis  pentagona)  exposed  to  it  for  an  hour, 
but  to  have  little,  if  any,  effect  on  bedbugs.  A  portion  of  a  given 
number  of  bugs  is  destroyed  by  an  hour's  exposure  to  1  ounce  to 
250  cubic  feet  gas;  and  the  proportion  destroyed  increased  with 
increase  in  the  strength  of  the  gas  and  the  period  of  the  exposure. 
Our  main  series  of  tests  with  bugs  was  made  in  a  photographic  dark 
room  approximating  235  cubic  feet  in  capacity.  The  temperature  of 
this  space  varied  in  the  different  tests  from  50°  to  G4°  F.  Care  was 
taken  to  have  nothing  present  that  might  absorb  and  thus  weaken 
the  gas,  and  only  active,  healthy-looking  specimens  of  the  insect 
were  exposed.  Fifteen  specimens  were  used  lor  each  test,  and  these 
inclosed  in  bags  of  gauze  suspended  at  mid  height  on  the  side  of  the 
room  opposite  where  the  generating  vessel  stood.  Eight  specimens 
survived  1  ounce  to  190  cubic  feet  for  an  hour,  and  three,  1  to  155  for 
the  same  period,  but  none  1  to  155  for  two  hours;  these  effects  were 
determined  by  observation  extending  over  a  week.    Only  three  speci- 


78 


mens  were  recorded  to  survive  the  strength  of  1  to  235  for  one  hour 
and  three  for  1  to  235  for  two  hours,  hut  in  these  instances  the  speci- 
mens were  all  destroyed  at  the  end  of  twenty-four  hours,  it  not  at  the 
time  being  known  that  any  might  subsequently  recover.  In  every 
ease  all  of  the  bugs  wrere  stupefied  by  the  gas,  and  none  were  noticed 
to  again  become  active  until  at  least  two  hours  had  elapsed.  With  the 
1  to  150  strength  for  an  hour,  none  showed  signs  of  life  at  the  end  or 
five  hours,  but  twenty  hours  later  one  could  crawl  and  another  feebly 
move  its  legs,  and  on  the  following  day  a  third  responded  when  probed 
lightly;  at  the  end  of  a  week  the  one  seemed  fully  recovered  while 
the  others  were  still  too  weak  to  move  about.  It  is  evident  from 
these  tests  that  1  to  155  gas  for  an  hour  is  too  weak  for  room  fumiga- 
tion since  not  all  fully  exposed  bugs  may  be  destroyed.  It  is  only 
fair  to  mention,  however,  that  in  practice  we  have  known  1  to  150 
gas  give  seemingly  perfect  results  in  a  number  of  instances.  At 
other  times  while  greatly  decreasing  the  pest  its  use  has  not  been 
satisfactory. 

The  eggs  of  bedbugs  seem  to  be  devitalized  with  the  use  of  about 
the  same  strength  of  gas  as  is  fatal  to  the  active  stages,  but  we  have 
had  little  opportunity  to  make  observations  on  this  phase  of  the  prob- 
lem and  therefore  speak  with  reserve.  Seven  eggs  laid  within  thirty 
hours  of  their  exposure  failed  to  hatch  after  treatment  for  two  hours 
in  1  to  125  gas,  the  space  in  this  case  being  a  fairly  tight  room  in  a 
plague  house  and  the  eggs  being  full}7  exposed ;  nineteen  eggs  six  days 
old  failed  to  hatch  after  exposure  for  one  hour  in  1  to  150  gas  in  the 
dark  room  referred  to  above.  Check  eggs  were  not  preserved.  No 
eggs  hatched  in  numbers  of  seemingly  sound  ones  taken  from  treated 
railway  coaches  at  the  beginning  of  that  work.  It  may  seem  strange 
that  eggs  should  be  devitalized  by  the  gas,  but  in  experiments  con- 
ducted here  three  3Tears  ago  it  was  determined  that  scale  insect  eggs 
(Diaspis  pentagona  and  other  species)  succumbed  to  1  to  300  gas;  in 
fact,  it  was  observed  that  eggs  of  a  species  of  Dactylopius  lost  their 
vitality  from  an  hour's  exposure  in  the  strength  of  gas  mentioned 
when  adults  escaped  death.  Check  lots  of  eggs  of  the  different  kinds 
exposed  hatched. 

The  common  roach  (Ectobia  germanica)  succumbs  to  overnight- 
treatment  with  1  to  100  gas.  The  kitchen  and  scullery  of  one  of  the 
Cape  Town  clubs  swarmed  to  an  almost  incredible  extent  with  this 
insect.  The  spaces  were  treated  with  the  strength  intimated,  and  in 
the  morning  not  less  than  a  half  bushel  of  dead  roaches  were  swept 
up.  About  fifty  that  bore  ootheca  were  boxed  and  brought  to  the  office 
and  no  eggs  hatched  from  them ;  there  was  no  check  test,  however, 
to  determine  if  such  eggs  would  hatch  were  the  females  otherwise 
destroyed. 

The  fleas  on  a  dog  confined  in  a  room,  treated  for  an  hour  with  1  to 
180  gas,  were  all  destroyed;  one  hundred  were  removed  and  kept 


79 


fender  observation  for  a  week  to  make  certain  that  the  result  was  as 
it  appeared  to  be.  Lice  (Hcematopinus  spp.)  on  rats  confined  in  the 
same  space  were  also  destroyed.  So  were  several  kinds  of  ants  and 
the  common  house  fly;  but  not  one  of  several  hundred  specimens  of 
various  kinds  of  ticks,  and  onty  40  out  of  57  bedbugs.  Ticks  are  the 
least  susceptible  to  the  gas  of  all  the  creatures  we  have  exposed. 
Adult  Argas  persicus,  Amblyomma  hebrceum,  and  Bhipicephaliis 
Wvertsi  have  been  exposed  in  large  numbers  to  1  to  150  gas  for  two 
hours  without  a  single  specimen  manifesting  injury..  A  score  of 
A.  hebrcsum  thus  treated  were  a  month  later,  along  with  as  many 
more  fresh  specimens,  exposed  for  an  hour  in  1  to  80  gas,  and  every 
specimen  came  through  this  severe  test  seemingly  more  active  than 
before.  Eight  long-starved  B.  evertsi  exposed  to  this  strength  were 
much  affected,  4  of  them  being  killed  and  the  other  4  greatly  enfeebled. 
It  may  be  of  interest  to  mention  that  cultures  of  Bacillus  pestis,  the 
plague  organism,  exposed  by  replacing  the  custom aiy  cotton  plug  Avith 
a  covering  of  gauze,  were  unaffected  at  this  strength  and  in  weaker 
strengths.  This  bacterium  is  accounted  easy  of  destruction  by  ordi- 
nary disinfectants. 

In  the  practical  application  of  the  gas  we  consider  it  advisable  to 
remove  all  water  and  all  moist  substances  that  might  absorb  the  gas 
and  thus  affect  its  efficienc}'  b}r  decreasing  its  strength.  Water  and. 
meat  that  have  been  exposed  to  the  gas  should  be  regarded  as  danger- 
ous for  consumption.  We  purposely  exposed  meat  and  water  to 
extremely  strong  gas  to  see  if  the/ were  really  rendered  poisonous. 
Both  proved  quickly  fatal  jO  dogs  which  began  to  partake  of  them. 
Meat  exposed  and  then  allowed  to  air  for  a  few  days  proved  harmless. 
Flour  exposed  and  afterwards  made  into  bread  was  eaten  by  one  of 
us  with  impunity. 

The  gas  may  be  the  most  reliable  agent  for  the  destruction  of  insects 
within  a  confined  space  that  we  have,  but  in  general  it  is  a  mistake  to 
consider  it  an  infallible  eradicator.  The  extent  to  which  insects  in  a 
space  are  protected  by  the  character  of  their  coverings  can  be  deter- 
mined onty  by  experiment,  and  then  only  roughly.  Individuals 
among  scale  insects  in  masses  on  their  food  plants  resist  strengths  of 
gas  far  in  excess  of  what  is  uniformly  fatal  to  isolated  specimens  of 
their  kind.  This  we  have  observed  in  the  orchard  and  demonstrated 
in  the  laboratory.  As  with  the  adults  of  scale  insects,  so  with  the 
eggs.  We  have  found  that  the  eggs  at  the  end  of  the  large  ovisac  of 
Ice  rya  purchasi  are  destroyed  by  1  to  300  gas,  while  those  deep  in  the 
mass  remain  unaffected  by  1  to  200.  From  experience  we  have  come 
to  consider  it  inadvisable  to  rely  on  strengths  of  gas  inferior  to  1  to 
100  for  the  destruction  of  bedbugs  or  to  have  the  exposure  less  than 
two  hours.  Under  exceptional  circumstances  even  this  great  strength 
has  been  found  untrustworthy.  Active  bedbugs  were  taken  from 
within  door  casings  of  a  jail  after  the  surrounding  space  had  been 


80 


exposed  Cor  three  and  a  half  hours  to  1  in  90  gas,  and  two  specimens 
out  of  seven,  placed  between  box  covers  screwed  together  so  thai  the 
insects  were  held  but  not  crushed,  survived  two  hours  of  treatment 
with  1  to  125  gas.  A  beam  of  light  was  visible  between  the  boards, 
and  the  survivors  were  found  within  3  inches  of  the  edge.  A  thin 
covering  of  dry  dust  or  earth  seems  a  great  protection.  Living  sow 
bugs  and  earwigs  were  found  along  with  numerous  dead  ones  on  the 
surface  dirt  of  the  plague  room  mentioned  above  as  having  been 
treated  for  two  hours  with  1  to  125  gas.  None  of  the  creatures  were 
in  sight  when  the  room  was  closed,  and  the  presumption  is  that  those 
that  escaped  destruction  were  disturbed  from  the  rubbish  on  the 
earthen  floor  too  late  to  get  a  lethal  dose. 

Grain  insects  have  been  experimented  with  to  determine  if  a  mass 
of  grain  was  sufficiently  penetrated  by  the  gas  to  effect  the  destruc- 
tion of  those  contained  therein.  A  series  of  tests  with  this  object  in 
view  was  made  in  a  tight  glass-sided  case  inclosing  4. in  cubic  feet  of 
space.  To  insure  accuracy  the  cyanide  employed  was  weighed  out 
on  delicate  balances.  The  results  of  the  tests  were  most  disappoint- 
ing and  have  led  to  our  abandonment  of  hopes  that  the  gas  would 
serve  as  a  substitute  for  carbon  bisulphid  in  the  treatment  of  stored 
grain.  Strengths  of  gas  up  to  1  ounce  to  12  cubic  feet  (10  grams  to  the 
case)  were  found  inefficient  to  destroy  Calandra  oryza,  C.  granaria, 
and  other  common  grain  insects  in  an  exposure  of  forty-two  hours. 
In  the  test  with  the  strongest  gas  a  grain  bag  containing  about  a  half- 
bushel  of  refuse  corn  mixed  with  coarse  mill  screenings  alive  with 
the  insects  was  exposed.  The  case  was  tight,  the  chemical  reaction 
perfect,  and  the  gas  still  strong  at  the  end  of  the  forty-two  hours;  yet 
scores  of  the  insects  escaped  death.  Throughout  the  series  it  was 
evident  that  the  air  within  even  small  bulks  of  material  remained 
harmless  to  the  insects  a  short  distance  from  the  surface.  The  insects 
which  crawled  away  from  the  mass  and  those  at  or  very  close  to  the 
surface  were  generally  destroyed. 

THE  USE  OF  HYDROCYANIC  ACID  GAS  FOR  EXTERMINATING 
HOUSEHOLD  INSECTS. 

By  W.  R.  Beattie,  Washington,  D.  C. 

With  the  growth  of  our  population  and  the  consequent  crowding 
together  of  residences,  the  problem  of  the  prevention  and  control  of 
household  insects  is  deserving  of  careful  consideration  from  a  sanitary 
standpoint,  but  one  that  is  usually  overlooked.  These  pests  are  to  be 
found  in  fewer  or  greater  numbers,  both  of  species  and  individuals, 
in  every  dwelling,  office,  or  storehouse,  and  no  perfectly  efficient 
means,  either  to  prevent  their  gaining  an  entrance  or  to  exterminate 
them  when  they  are  once  established,  has  as  yet  been  devised. 

Recent  successful  applications  of  hydrocyanic-acid  gas  for  the 
extermination  of  insects  infesting  greenhouse  plants  have  suggested 


81 


the  use  of  the  same  remedy  for  household  pests.  It  is  now  no  longer 
a  theory  but  an  established  fact  that  0.10  gram  of  98  per  cent  pure 
cyanide  of  potassium  volatilized  in  a  cubic  foot  of  space  will,  if  allowed 
to  remain  for  a  period  of  not  less  than  three  hours,  kill  all  roaches 
and  similar  insects. 

The  experiments  which  led  to  this  conclusion  were  made  in  a  small 
building  which  is  used  for  laboratory  purposes  by  the  Division  of 
Botany.  This  structure  has  for  some  time  been  infested  with  several 
insect  pests,  the  more  numerous  and  troublesome  of  which  was  the  com- 
mon cockroach  (Perlplaneta  americana).  The  building  consists  of  one 
stoiy  and  basement,  the  upper  part  being  rather  loosely  built,  as  it  is 
ceiled  throughout  with  matched  lumber.  This  method  of  construction 
provides  numerous  hiding  places  for  the  insects,  and  also  renders 
fumigation  difficult  by  permitting  the  gas  to  escape  too  quickly. 
Within  the  building  are  several  sources  of  moisture,  a  rather  high 
and  constant  temperature  is  maintained  in  some  of  the  rooms,  and 
large  quantities  of  seeds  and  substances  that  serve  as  food  for  insects 
are  stored,  making  conditions  well  adapted  to  the  development  of 
cockroaches. 

During  the  early  part  of  last  year  the  roaches  became  so  numerous 
as  to  be  a  detriment  to  the  work  of  the  laboratory,  and  it  was  necessary 
to  adopt  some  means  of  checking  them.  On  the  evening  of  May  10, 
1900,  the  building  was  closed,  and  after  opening  up  the  interior  of  the 
rooms  as  much  as  possible  the  entire  structure  was  fumigated  experi- 
mentally with  about -0.08  gram  of  98  per  cent  pure  cyanide  of  potas- 
sium per  cubic  foot  of  space.  The  gas  was  allowed  to  remain  during 
the  night,  or  until  it  gradually  escaped.  When  the  rooms  were 
entered  the  following  morning  there  remained  a  perceptible  odor  of 
the  gas,  but  this  soon  disappeared  after  opening  the  windows  and 
doors.  The  ledges  and  window  sills  were  strewn  with  dead  house-flies 
and  the  floors  bore  abundant  evidence  of  the  effect  of  the  gas  on 
roaches.  Not  a  single  insect  that  showed  indications  of  remaining  life 
was  to  be  found  in  the  building.  About  a  quart  of  the  flies  and 
poaches  was  gathered  up  and  placed  in  a  cage,  where  they  were  allowed 
to  remain  until  the  following  day,  when  two  roaches  showed  signs  of 
life  by  slow  movements.  These,  however,  could  not  walk  when  placed 
upon  their  feet,  and  subsequently  died. 

For  some  time  after  this  fumigation  no  roaches  were  to  be  found  in 
ghe  building,  but  eventually  the  eggs  that  had  been  previously  deposit  e<  1 
hatched  and  developed,  adults  were  carried  in  from  other  buildings, 
etc.,  until  in  March  of  the  present  year  the  roaches  had  again  become 
so  numerous  as  to  be  a  nuisance  and  a  detriment  to  the  work  of  the 
laboratory.  The  building  was  again  treated  with  cyanide  gas,  this 
time  at  the  rate  of  0.10  gram  per  cubic  foot  of  space,  but  it  was  allowed 
to  remain  only  fifty  minutes,  when  the  windows  were  opened  and  the 
gas  permitted  to  escape.    The  roaches  were  strewn  over  the  floors  and 

11823— No.  31—01  G 


82 


several  mice  were  found  dead.  A  Large  number  of  the  roaches  were] 
again  collected  and  kept  in  a  cage  until  the  following  day,  when  it  was 
found  that  fully  10  per  cent  of  them  had  not  been  killed  and  were  as 
lively  as  before  treat  incut.  The  mice,  however,  showed  no  indications 
of  life.  The  dose  had  been  sufficiently  strong,  but  had  not  been  allowed 
to  remain  long  enough  to  kill  the  more  resistant  of  the  roaches. 

The  third  and  most  satisfactory  experiment  of  the  series  wras  con- 
ducted on  the  evening  of  June  20,  1901,  when  an  application  of  0.10 
gram  per  cubic  foot  wras  allowed  to  remain  in  the  building  overnight. 
On  the  following  morning  the  gas  had  not  entirely  escaped,  and  house- 
flies,  centipedes,  spiders,  cockroaches,  and  mice  were  dead,  with  the 
exception  of  a  few  roaches  which  had  secreted  themselves  between  the 
sash  and  frame  of  a  loosely  fitting  window,  and  had  thus  secured 
enough  pure  air  to  prevent  their  being  killed. 

To  convey  an  idea  of  the  injury  caused  by  the  presence  of  large 
numbers  of  roaches  in  this  laboratory,  it  might  be  stated  that,  fre- 
quently preceding  this  last  fumigation,  photographic  plates  placed  on 
racks  to  dry  and  allowed  to  remain  on  a  table  for  one  hour  were  com- 
pletely ruined  by  having  films  eaten  from  the  glass;  packets  of  seeds 
stored  in  mouse-proof  tin  boxes  were  so  eaten  as  to  allow  the  seeds  to 
escape,  and  in  many  cases  the  seeds  themselves  were  destroyed. 
Since  this  fumigation  no  inconvenience  has  been  caused  by  the  work 
of  roaches  or  mice. 

By  aid  of  the  results  obtained  from  the  above  experiments,  together 
with  our  present  knowledge  of  the  action  of  hydrocyanic-acid  gas  in 
exterminating  greenhouse  and  scale  insects,  it  may  be  stated  that  a 
dwelling,  office,  warehouse,  or  any  building  may  be  economically 
cleared  of  all  pests,  provided  that  the  local  conditions  will  permit  the 
use  of  this  gas.  It  probably  would  be  dangerous  to  fumigate  a  build- 
ing where  groceries,  dried  fruits,  meats,  or  prepared  food  materials  of 
any  kind  are  stored.  Air  containing  more  than  25  per  cent  of  the  gas 
is  inflammable,  therefore  it  would  be  well  to  put  out  all  fire  in  an 
inclosure  before  fumigating.  Hydrocyanic  acid  in  all  of  its  forms  is 
one  of  the  most  violent  poisons  known,  and  no  neglect  should  attend 
its  use.  There  is  probably  no  sure  remedy  for  its  effects  after  it  has 
once  entered  the  blood  of  any  of  the  higher  animals.  When  cyanide 
of  potassium  is  being  used  it  should  never  be  allowed  to  come  in  con- 
tact with  the  skin,  and  even  a  slight  odor  of  the  gas  should  be  avoided. 
Should  the  operator  have  any  cut  or  break  in  the  skin  of  the  hands  or 
face,  it  should  be  carefully  covered  with  court-plaster  to  prevent  1  lie 
gas  coming  in  contact  with  the  flesh  or  the  possibility  of  a  small  par- 
ticle of  the  solid  compound  getting  into  the  cut,  which  would  cause 
death  by  poisoning  within  a  few  minutes'  time. 

Hydrocyanic-acid  gas  should  not  be  used  in  closely  built  apart- 
ments with  single  walls  between,  as  more  or  less  of  the  gas  will  pene- 
trate a  brick  Avail.    An  inexperienced  person  should  never  use  cyan  ide 


83 


of  potassium  for  any  purpose,  and  if  it  bo  found  practicable  to  treat 
buildings  in  general  for  the  extermination  of  insects  the  work  should 
be  done  under  the  direction  of  competent  officials.  Our  experiments 
have  shown  that  a  smaller  dose  and  a  shorter  period  of  exposure  are 
reciuired  to  kill  mice  than  for  roaches  and  household  insects  gener- 
ally, and  it  readily  follows  that  the  larger  animals  and  human  beings 
would  be  more  quickly  overcome  than  mice,  since  a  smaller  supply  of 
pure  air  would  be  required  to  sustain  life  in  mice,  and  small  openings 
are  more  numerous  than  large  ones. 

The  materials  employed  and  the  method  of  procedure  are  as  follows: 
After  ascertaining  the  cubic  contents  of  the  inclosure,  provide  a  glass 
or  stone  ware  (not  metal)  vessel  of  2  to  4  gallons  capacit}'  for  each 
5,000  cubic  feet  of  space  to  be  fumigated.  Distribute  the  jars  accord- 
ing to  the  space  and  run  a  smooth  cord  from  each  jar  to  a  common 
point  near  an  outside  door  where  they  may  all  be  fastened ;  support  the 
cord  above  the  jar  by  means  of  the  back  of  a  chair  or  other  convenient 
object  in  such  a  position  that  when  the  load  of  cyanide  of  potassium  is 
attached  it  will  hang  directly  over  the  center  of  the  jar.  Next  weigh 
out  upon  a  piece  of  soft  paper  500  grams  (about  17.1  ounces)  of  98 
per  cent  pure  cyanide  of  potassium,  using  a  large  pair  of  forceps  for 
handling  the  lumps,  wrap  up  and  place  in  a  paper  bag,  and  tie  to  the 
end  of  the  cord  over  the  jar.  After  the  load  for  each  jar  has  been 
similarly  provided,  it  is  well  to  test  the  working  of  the  cords  to  see 
that  they  do  not  catch  or  bind.  Then  remove  the  jar  a  short  distance 
from  under  the  load  of  cyanide  and  place  in  it  a  little  more  than  a 
quart  of  water,  to  which  slowly  add  1^  pints  of  commercial  sulphuric 
acid,  stirring  freely.  The  action  of  the  acid  will  bring  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  combination  almost  to  the  boiling  point.  Replace  the  jars 
beneath  the  bags  of  cyanide,  spreading  a  large  sheet  of  heavy  paper 
on  the  floor  to  catch  any  acid  that  may  possibly  fly  over  the  edge  of 
the  jar  when  the  cyanide  is  dropped,  or  as  a  result  of  the  violent 
chemical  action  which  follows.  Close  all  outside  openings  and  open 
up  the  interior  of  the  apartment  as  much  as  possible  in  order  that  the 
full  strength  of  the  gas  may  reach  the  hiding  places  of  Hie  insects. 
See  that  all  entrances  are  locked  or  guarded  on  the  outside  to  prevent 
persons  entering,  then  leave  the  building,  releasing  the  cords  as  you 
go.  The  gas  will  all  be  given  off  in  a  fewminutes  and  should  remain 
in  the  building  at  least  three  hours. 

When  the  sulphuric  acid  comes  in  contact  with  the  cyanide  of 
potassium  the  result  is  the  formation  of  sulphate  of  potash,  which 
remains  in  the  jar,  and  the  hydrocyanic  acid  is  liberated  and  escapes 
into  the  air.  The  chemical  action  is  so  violent  as  to  cause  a  sputter- 
ing, and  frequently  particles  of  the  acid  arc  thrown  over  the  sides  of 
the  jar.  This  may  be  prevented  by  supporting  a  sheet  of  stiff  paper 
over  the  jar  by  means  of  ;i  hole  in  i  he  center,  I  hrough  which  t  he  cord 
supporting  the  cyanide  of  potassium  is  passed,  so  that  when  tin,'  cord 


84 


is  released  the  paper  will  descend  with  the  cyanide  and  remain  at  rest 
on  the  top  of  the  jar  but  will  nob  prevent  the  easy  descent  of  the  cya- 
nide into  the  acid.  The  weight  of  this  paper  will  in  no  way  interfere 
with  the  escape  of  the  gas. 

At  the  end  of  the  time  required  for  fumigation  the  windows  and 
doors  should  he  opened  from  the  outside  and  the  gas  allowed  to  escape 
before  anyone  enters  the  building.  A  general  cleaning  should  follow, 
as  the  insects  leave  their  hiding  places  and,  dying  on  the  floors,  are 
easily  swept  up  and  burned.  The  sulphate  of  potash  remaining  in 
the  jars  is  poisonous  and  should  be  immediately  buried  and  the  jars 
themselves  filled  with  earth  or  ashes.  No  food  that  has  remained 
during  fumigation  should  be  used,  and  thorough  ventilation  should 
be  maintained  for  several  hours.  After  one  of  our  experiments  it 
was  noted  that  ice  water  which  had  remained  in  a  closed  cooler  had 
taken  up  the  gas  and  had  both  the  odor  and  taste  of  cyanide. 

For  dwellings  one  fumigation  each  year  would  be  sufficient,  but  for 
storage  houses  it  may  be  necessary  to  make  an  application  every  three 
or  four  months  to  keep  them  entirely  free  from  insect  pests.  The 
cost  of  materials  for  one  application  is  about  50  cents  for  each  5,000 
cubic  feet  of  space  to  be  treated.  The  cyanide  of  potassium  can  be 
purchased  at  about  35  cents  per  pound  and  the  commercial  sulphuric 
acid  at  about  4  cents  per  pound.  The  strength  of  the  dose  may  be 
increased  and  the  time  of  exposure  somewhat  shortened,  but  this 
increases  the  cost  and  does  not  do  the  work  so  thoroughly.  In  no  case, 
however,  should  the  dose  exceed  0.22  gram,  or  remain  less  than  one 
hour. 

The  practical  application  of  this  method  of  controlling  household 
insects  and  pests  generally  is  to  be  found  in  checking  the  advance  of 
great  numbers  of  some  particular  insect,  or  in  eradicating  them  where 
they  have  become  thoroughly  established.  This  method  will  be  found 
very  advantageous  in  clearing  old  buildings  and  ships  of  cockroaches. 

INSECTS  OF  THE  YEAR  IN  OHIO. 

By  F.  M.  Webster  and  Wilmon  Newell,  Wooster,  Ohio. 

Broadlj7  speaking,  the  past  year  has  been  marked  by  the  unusual 
abundance  of  many  of  the  more  common  insect  pests. 

During  the  past  spring  and  early  summer  the  chinch  bug  has  done 
serious  injury  over  the  area  which  seems  particularly  favorable  to 
it,  viz,  the  country  lying  between  the  Scioto  and  Big  Miami  rivers, 
which  section  is,  approximately,  the  most  frequently  and  seriously 
affected  by  it.  As  in  other  years,  Sporotrichum  globidiferum,  the 
fungus  enemy  of  the  insect,  has  been  distributed  to  all  that  have 
applied,  and  the  packages  thus  distributed  amount  to  about  1,700  in 
number.  As  this  fungus  has  been  continually  sent  into  this  region 
since  1894,  we  can  now  state,  with  pretty  good  assurance  of  correct- 
ness, that  the  artificial  introduction  throughout  this  period  has  given 


I 


85 

no  evidence  of  its  value  in  protecting  the  country  from  an  annual 
recurrence  of  attack  when  meteorological  conditions  are  favorable  to 
lie  breeding  of  the  insect.  This  year,  however,  we  have  started  our 
cultures  of  this  fungus  with  affected  chinch  bugs  collected  in  the 
fields  in  1896,  the  material  having  in  the  meantime  been  kept  in  a 
tight  tin  box  in  a  dry  room.  It  can  not  now  be  said  by  those  who  know 
that  the  use  of  this  fungus  against  the  chinch  bug  is  an  experiment. 
It  will  work  satisfactorily  in  wet  or  moderately  damp  weather,  but 
will  not  do  so  when  a  drought  is  prevailing. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  wheat  was  almost  universally  sown  late  last 
fall,  and  only  the  earlier  sown  fields  were  attacked  by  the  Hessian  fly, 
that  insect  has  not  claimed  the  attention  this  year  that  it  did  last. 

Over  the  northern  portion  of  Ohio  little  or  no  wheat  was  so  badly 
injured  last  fall  as  to  necessitate  plowing  under  this  spring,  unless  it 
was  sown  before  September  20,  1000,  and  comparatively  little  was 
seriously  injured,  north  of  latitude  40°,  unless  sown  prior  to  Septem- 
ber 25,  1900.  Wheat  plants  that  had  been  killed  Jast  autumn  by  the 
larva3  of  the  fly  were  collected  in  quantity  from  many  sections  of  the 
State  and  placed  in  the  insectary  in  order  to  learn  the  probable  con- 
dition of  the  fly  in  the  fields  in  the  spring  of  1901.  Only  in  two 
instances  did  we  secure  Hessian  fly  in  great  numbers.  In  one  of 
these  cases  the  wheat  had  been  sown  September  12,  1900,  and  the 
other  was  from  the  experiment  plats  of  the  Ohio  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station  at  Wooster.  In  some  instances  we  reared  myriads  of 
the  little  parasite  Polygnotus  hiemalis  Forbes,  and  the  number  of 
these  left  no  doubt  of  their  efficiency  in  checking  the  increase  of  the 
fly;  but  in  some  other  cases  we  reared  only  very  few  parasites,  and 
Iven  less  flies  or  none  at  all,  so  that  it  seems  possible  that  there  was 
also  another  unknown  influence  which  tended  to  reduce  the  number 
of  adult  flies  that  emerged  this  spring. 

The  rose-chafer  (Macrodactylus  subspinosus)  has  not  been  as  abun- 
dant over  the  State  before  in  ten  years,  always  in  near  proximity  to 
sandy  lands.  It  is  hardly  worth  while  to  state  that  we  have  found  no 
practical  measures  of  suppression,  but  it  may  be  stated  that  a  mix- 
ture of  5  pounds  of  arsenate  of  lead  and  50  gallons  of  water  had  no 
perceivable  effect  upon  them. 

Two  species  of  Epicauta  (E.  vittata  and  E.  pennsylvanica)  have  been 
unusually  troublesome,  and,  as  usually  follows,  a  lack  in  the  Dumber 
of  grasshoppers. 

The  strawberry  weevil  (Anthonomus  signatus)  worked  serious  dep- 
redations in  the  strawberry  fields  of  Scioto  and  adjacent  counties, 
fully  one-half  the  crop  having  been  destroyed  by  Hie  post.  Informa- 
tion of  its  ravages  was  not  received  in  time  to  permit  .Mr.  A.  F.  Bur- 
gess,  who  was  sent  to  investigate  the  outbreak,  doing  more  than  to 
go  over  the  infested  fields  and  Lay  plans  tor  wort  nexl  year. 

The  heart  worm  (Hydrwcia  nitela)  was  reported  as  working  consid- 
erable injury  in  a  wheat  field  in  the  central  part  of  the  State3  and  a 


86 


florist  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State  complained  bitterly  of  the 
ravages  of  the  pest  in  his  carnations  set  out  of  doors.    Carnations  in 
the  experiment  station  greenhouses  suffered  severely  in  March  from  j 
the  attacks  of  cutworms  (Peridroma  sa/ucia),  which  fed  on  the  petals 
and  burrowed  into  the  unopened  buds,  working  chiefly  at  night. 

The  Southern  turkey  gnat  {Simulium  meridionals)  became  quite 
abundant  in  Wayne  County  during  May,  causing  considerable  uneasi- 
ness among  teams  working  in  the  fields  near  their  breeding  places. 
One  of  these  places  was  located  not  far  from  Wooster,  in  a  little  brook 
fed  by  springs  and  flowing  over  a  rocky  bed.  Adults  were  abundant 
May  11,  and  larva* — some  of  them  very  small — and  pupse,  as  well  as 
adults,  were  all  found  on  the  16th  of  same  month. 

The  Southern  corn  leaf-beetle  (Myochrous  denticollis)  did  not  reap- 
pear in  destructive  abundance  this  year  in  the  area  where  it  did  so 
much  injury  to  young  corn  last  year.  We  now  know  that  it  hiber- 
nates, in  part  at  least,  in  the  adult  stage. 

Bruehophagus  funebris  is  widely  distributed  over  the  State,  and  its 
injuries  to  red  clover  seed  are  frequently  reported  during  autumn. 

The  grapevine  root  worm  (Fidia  viticida),  which  was  less  destruc- 
tive last  year  than  it  had  been  for  some  time,  seems  to  have  taken  on 
a  new  vigor,  and  is  this  year  again  very  abundant  on  the  grape. 
Strangely  enough,  its  ravages  are  still  mostly  confined  to  the  grape 
region  about  Cleveland,  extending  therefrom  much  farther  to  the  east 
than  to  the  west.  In  a  small  nursery,  near  Tiffin,  some  85  miles  to 
the  west,  a  small  lot  of  young  grapevines  was  attacked  and  the 
leaves  very  badly  eaten,  while  in  no  other  part  of  the  grounds  were 
the  grapevines  attacked.  Arsenate  of  lead  has  not  given  us  much 
satisfaction  in  fighting  this  pest,  and  the  results  of  this  year's  experi- 
ments with  this  insecticide  in  the  vineyards  have  not  been  very  satis- 
factory, though  not  conclusive. 

The  canker  worm  (Paleacrita  vernata)  was  present  in  many  sections 
of  the  State  in  increasing  numbers.  There  was  some  complaint  of 
the  inefficiency  of  arsenate  of  lead  against  these,  but  in  all  cases  of 
failure  investigated  the  spraying  had  been  done  in  an  inefficient  man- 
ner, and  the  result  could  hardly  have  been  otherwise  than  ineffectual. 

The  corn  worm  (Heliothis  armiger)  not  only  attacked  young  grow- 
ing corn,  but  also  worked  in  the  broom  corn,  doing  considerable 
damage  to  the  latter. 

The  western  corn  root  worm  (Diabrot  ica  longicornis),  though  it  occurs 
locally  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  coast,  is  not  known  as  a  pest  east  of 
central  Ohio.  Its  advance  across  the  State  from  the  west  has  been 
observed  by  entomologists,  and  this  advance  throughout  the  corn- 
growing  sections  has  been  indicated  in  the  bulletins  of  the  experi- 
ment station.  During  the  last  nine  years  everyone  connected  with 
the  entomological  department  of  the  station  has  watched  carefully 
for  the  first  appearance  of  the  insect  about  Wooster,  but  not  until  last 


87 


year  had  it  been  observed  within  a  distance  of  50  miles.  A  single 
individual  was  observed  last  summer  on  a  garden  sunflower  in  the 
city.  Twenty-five  years  ago,  in  northern  Illinois,  where  now  its 
ravages  in  the  corn  field  are  only  prevented  by  continual  crop  rota- 
tion, this  insect  was  as  unusual  as  it  is  at  present  at  Wooster,  Ohio. 

Early  in  the  spring  of  the  present  year  the  pea  louse  (Nectarophora 
destructor)  appeared  in  the  clover  fields  throughout  localities  where 
there  had  been  injuries  to  the  peas  last  year  and  later  spread  to  the 
fields  of  growing  peas.  In  Ohio  those  engaged  in  pea  culture  on  a 
large  scale  only  plant  the  earlier  varieties,  which  are  picked  before 
the  insect  migrates  from  the  clover. 

The  harlequin  cabbage  bug  (Murgardia  histrionica),  which  was  exter- 
minated by  the  severe  winter  a  few  years  ago,  except  in  the  extreme 
southern  part  of  the  State,  has  begun  its  northward  spread  again,  and 
has  been  reported  as  destructive  at  points  along  the  Ohio  River. 

Last  spring  a  number  of  the  egg  masses  of  Mantis  religiosa  were 
received  from  Professor  Slingerland  and  placed  in  several  portions  of 
the  State,  including  Wooster.  We  have  watched  these  continually 
since  placing  them  outside,  and  in  no  instance  have  we  been  able  to 
note  the  hatching  of  the  eggs.  Unfortunately  some  of  the  masses  were 
destroyed,  apparently  by  mice,  as  they  were  protected  by  wire  netting 
that  would  admit  nothing  larger. 

As  a  repellant  against  the  infestation  of  dwellings  by  ants,  we  have 
used  naphthaline  crystals  with  success. 

As  an  indication  of  the  somewhat  gregarious  nature  of  Limenitis 
disippus,  27  larva3  were  found  on  a  group  of  less  than  half  a  dozen 
Lombardy  poplars  only  a  few  inches  in  height.  These  were  observed 
in  October  near  Cleveland. 

Ch,rysomphalus  dictyospermi  was  found  in  considerable  abundance 
in  the  station  greenhouses  on  Chamerops  humtlis.  The  close  super- 
ficial resemblance  of  this  species  to  Aspidiotus  perniciosus  renders  it 
of  special  interest  at  the  present  time. 

Much  has  been  said  and  written  relative  to  the  danger  of  spreading 
the  San  Jose  scale  (Aspidiotus  perniciosus)  by  the  shipment  and  sale 
of  infested  fruit.  While  danger  is  admitted  by  entomologists,  in  no 
instance  has  an  introduction  been  traced  to  this  source.  The  follow- 
ing experiments,  by  no  means  conclusive,  will  indicate  that  introduc- 
tion by  this  means  is  beset  with  difficulties  when  we  try  to  do  it : 

October  15,  1900,  fresh  peelings  from  badly  infested  apples  were 
placed  within  4  inches  of  the  base  of  a  young  apple  tree,  set  from  the 
nursery  row  some  four  years  ago.  On  same  date  peelings  from  badly 
infested  apples  were  placed  against  and  around  the  base  of  a  small 
apple  tree,  and  on  the  26th  more  of  the  infested  peelings  were  wound 
around  the  base  of  the  same  tree.  July  9,  1901,  as  well  as  on  previ- 
ous dates,  inspections  made  by  different  entomologists  revealed  no 
scale  on  the  trees. 


88 


October  15,  1900,  peelings  from  a  very  badly  infested  pear  were 
placed  against  and  around  the  base  of  a  very  young  peach  tree,  and 
on  20th  of  same  month  these  were  renewed.  July  0,  1901,  no  scale 
could  be  found  on  the  tree. 

October  15,  1900,  six  badly  infested  plums  were  placed  4  inches 
from  base  of  a  young  apple  tree,  and  two  infested  apples  were  placed 
in  similar  proximity  to  another  3'oung  apple  tree.  July  9,  1901,  no 
scale  was  to  be  found  on  either  tree,  previous  inspections  by  others 
having  given  the  same  results. 

October  15, 1900,  six  infested  plums  were  placed  against  the  base  of 
a  young  apple  tree;  an  infested  apple  was  placed  against  the  base  of 
another  tree,  also  young;  an  infested  pear  was  placed  against  the  base 
of  a  young  peach  tree,  and  eleven  days  later  another  infested  pear 
was  placed  against  the  base  of  this  last  tree.  Up  to  July  9, 1901,  none 
of  these  trees  carried  a  single  San  Jose  scale,  so  far  as  could  be  learned 
from  repeated  observations  by  different  entomologists. 

As  indicating  the  activity  of  San  Jose  scale  on  fruit,  during  the 
period  between  October  15  and  November  2, 1900,  the  following  obser- 
vations are  of  interest:  October  9,  1900,  a  couple  of  windfall  apples, 
very  badly  infested  by  San  Jose  scale,  were  placed  under  observation. 
October  13  young  scale  were  alive  and  very  active  on  both  apples;  on 
18th  one  apple  was  nearly  decaj^ed  and  many  of  the  females  were 
dead,  five,  however,  remained  alive  and  contained  living  young;  19th, 
live  females  and  active  young  found  on  both  apples;  22d,  one  apple 
decayed,  the  females  dead,  and  apple  discarded,  the  remaining  apple 
carried  living  females,  but  no  3Toung  were  observed.  November  2, 
1900,  the  remaining  apple  carried  living  females,  but  by  16th  this 
apple  also  was  decayed  and  the  scale  all  dead. 

In  this  connection  it  must  be  remembered  that  it  was  only  after 
repeated  attempts  to  introduce  the  San  Jose  scale  in  the  insectary,  by 
fastening  sections  of  badly  infested  limbs  to  young  trees  growing 
therein,  that  we  were  able  to  succeed.  While  the  foregoing  does  not 
and  could  not  prove  that  infestation  may  not  originate  from  infested 
fruit,  it  does  show  the  great  difficulty  in  causing  it  to  do  so. 

In  all  of  our  microscopical  examinations  of  scale  insects  AplieJinus 
fuscipennis  has  been  found  but  twice,  in  both  cases  in  San  Jose  scale. 
Pentilia  misella  is,  however,  on  the  increase. 

The  plum  tree  mite  (Phytoptus  phlozocoptes)  seems  to  occur  gener- 
ally wherever  the  Damson  plum  is  grown,  as  it  has  been  observed  or 
sent  from  all  quarters  of  the  State.  Serious  damage  was  this  year 
reported  from  Wellsville. 

Trirhabda  tomentosa  was  observed  in  the  act  of  defoliating  young 
prickly  ash  (Xanflioxylum  americanum)  in  August,  in  some  cases  the 
trees  dying  from  the  effects  of  these  beetles. 

Iscliyrus  nigrans  has  been  reared  from  a  species  of  Agaricus. 
Anthaxia  viridifrons,  Eupristocerus  cog  Hans,  Sinoxylon  has  Hare, 


89 


Dorcaschema  nigrum,  Magdalis  pandura,  and  M.  barb  it  a  have  all 
been  reared  from  hickory  twigs.  Tomoderus  const-rictus  has  been 
reared  from  the  stems  of  Helenium  autumnale. 

Phoiisora  catullus  has  been  reared  from  strawberry  leaves  in  August. 
PaJthis  angulalis,  Blastobasis  glandulella,  and  the  parasitic  species 
Elachista protceteratis  were  all  reared  from  seed  cluster  of  sumac. 

Desmia  funeralis  with  its  parasite  (Habrobracon  gelechice),  Pyralis 
costalis,  Blastobasis  glandulella,  and  Galasa  rubidana  have  all  been 
reared  from  masses  of  grape  leaves  collected  in  vinejTards. 

Dichelia  sulfur  eana  and  Eudemis  botrana  with  the  parasite  Br  aeon 
nidi if<> /'  were  all  reared  from  seeds  of  the  garden  sunflower. 

Lophoderus  velutiana,  Oxyptilus  tenuidactylus,  Exartema  permun- 
uana,  and  a  species  of  Glypta  have  all  been  reared  from  larva?  feeding 
on  the  leaves  of  blackberiy. 

Conchylis  bunteana,  together  with  the  parasite  Bracon  mellitor, 
were  reared  from  seed  clusters  of  Vernonia  noveboracensis. 

GrapholUha  prunivora  was  reared  from  berries  of  a  species  of 
Crataegus. 

MelUsopus  latiferreana  and  Blastobasis  glandulella  were  both  reared 
from  acorns. 

Tischeria  malifoliella  and  Ornix  geminatella,  with  the  parasite 
Piiripla  indagatrix,  were  all  reared  from  leaves  of  the  apple. 

A  number  of  spraying  experiments  were  carried  out  with  the  follow- 
ing results:  Swift's  arsenate  of  lead,  3  pounds  to  50  gallons  water, 
was  applied  to  potato  vines  badly  infested  with  Doryphora  10-lineata, 
and,  though  there  was  a  heavy  rainfall  the  night  following  the  appli- 
cation, all  small  and  medium-sized  larva?  were  killed,  and  about  half 
of  those  nearly  or  quite  full  grown.  Later,  the  same  experiment  was 
tried,  but  again  the  application  was  followed  hj  a  heavy  rain,  despite 
which  about  75  per  cent  of  all  larva?  were  killed.  As  against  Lina 
tapponica,  on  willow,  3  pounds  to  50  gallons  water  killed  small  and 
medium-sized  larva?,  but  did  not  seem  to  aff  ect  the  older  and  larger 
larvae.  In  another  experiment,  where  5  pounds  of  the  arsenate  of  lead 
was  used  in  50  gallons  of  water,  all  larva?  were  killed  and  the  foliage 
was  not  injured. 

Adler's  green  arsenoid  gave  us  the  following  results:  For  Lina  lap- 
ponica,  1  pound  to  100  gallons  water  killed  small  and  medium-sized 
larva?,  but  not  the  larger  ones,  with  no  injury  to  the  willows  upon 
which  the3T  were  feeding.  One  pound  to  50gallons  killed  all  larvae,  and 
also  the  foliage,  though  the  latter  put  out  anew  later  in  the  season. 
On  rosebushes,  and  against  Monostegiarosce,,  1  pound  to  L50 gallons 
water  was  apparently  effective  and  did  not  injure  the  foliage. 

Comparative  experiments  were  carried  out  with  green  arsenoid  and 
Paris  green,  with  the  following  results:  One  pound  to  100  gallons 
water,  and  1  pound  to  150  gallons  water,  with  and  without  lime,  did 
not  appear  to  alfect  either  the  adult  Doryphora  or  the  foliage  of  the 


90 


potato.  The  owner  of  one  of  the  potato  fields,  however,  applied 
green  arsenoid,  at  the  rate  of  1  pound  to  50  gallons  water,  and  nearly 
rained  i  he  potato  vines. 

Arsenate  of  lead  has  given  the  best  results,  with  no  injury  to  the 
foliage,  while  Paris  green  and  green  arsenoid  give  each  about  the 
same  results,  both  being  inferior  to  the  arsenate  of  lead. 

Experiments  with  whale-oil  soap,  Owens  Standard  brand,  1  pound 
to  2  gallons  of  water,  had  no  effect  on  either  larvae  or  adult  Doryphora. 
The  same  brand  of  soap  was  applied  against  Diabrotica  vittata,  at  a 
si  length  of  1  pound  of  soap  to  1,  2,  4,  and  8  gallons  of  water.  A  mix- 
1  me  of  1  pound  to  2  gallons  of  water,  or  weaker,  did  not  prove  suc- 
cessful as  a  repellant,  while  1  pound  to  each  gallon  of  water  kept  the 
beetles  away,  but  seriously  injured  the  cucumber  plants  to  which  the 
mixture  was  applied.  One  pound  of  this  soap  to  8  gallons  of  water 
was  ineffective  against  Aphis  on  cherry,  but  the  same  strength  com- 
pletely repelled  the  three-lined  plant-bug  from  chrysanthemums  so 
that  the  plants  were  not  again  attacked  by  this  insect. 

Tobacco  dust  was  ineffective  against  Doryphora  10-lineata,  Phyllo- 
treta  viMata,  and  Diabrotica  vittata. 

FRUIT  SERIOUSLY  INJURED  BY  MOTHS. 

By  C.  W.  Mally,  Cape  Toum,  South  Africa. 

During  May,  1900,  numerous  letters  were  received  complaining  of 
serious  injury  to  fruit  by  moths,  specimens  of  which  Avere  submitted 
to  Mr.  L.  Peringuey,  assistant  curator  South  African  Museum,  who 
determined  them  as  Ophiuza  lienardi. 

With  the  exception  of  one  specimen,  this  is  the  only  species  rep- 
resented in  the  material  received  from  the  fruit  growers.  A  summary 
of  the  correspondence  has  been  given  in  the  Agricultural  Journal  for 
July  5,  1900.' 

The  moths  were  apparently  most  injurious  in  the  East  London  dis- 
trict, serious  complaints  coming  from  East  London,  Komgha,  Fort 
Jackson,  Kentbury,  and  as  far  inland  as  Grahamstown. 

It  frequently  occurs  that  a  number  of  moths  cluster  on  a  single 
fruit,  and  some  of  the  reports  indicate  that  there  was  scarcely  a  fruit 
that  was  not  covered  with  moths.  One  correspondent  reports  the 
moths  as  swarming  on  a  load  of  pineapples  that  were  being  taken  to 
market.  Some  idea  of  the  seriousness  of  the  injury  may  be  gathered 
Prom  the  statement  of  Mr.  Walter  A.  Edmonds,  Komgha,  that  "20,000 
extra  fine  oranges,  on  all  Of  which,  except  those  picked  half  green, 
directly  the  moths  appeared,  have  been  spoiled."  Thus  far  injury  to 
the  following  fruits  has  been  reported:  Apples,  pears,  plums,  grapes, 
peaches,  figs,  oranges,  guavas,  bananas,  pineapples,  loquats,  and 
medlars;  also  "native  fruits,  berries,  and  flowers." 

The  fruit  growers  agree  as  to  the  importance  of  the  pest;  but  their 
observations  on  the  habits  of  the  adult  are  considerably  at  variance. 


91 


Some  say  they  are  nocturnal,  readily  attracted  to  lights,  and  easily 
destroyed  by  means  of  poisoned  sweets.  Others  report  observations 
to  the  contrary.  The  essential  point  seemed  to  be  whether  the  moths 
punctured  the  fruit  themselves  or  simpty  took  advantage  of  some 
slight  mutilation  or  an  injury  from  some  other  insect,  especially  the 
fruit  fly,  during  oviposition.  There  was  no  opportunity  to  make  defi- 
nite observations  till  the  latter  part  of  April,  1901.  While  en  route  to 
another  farm,  near  Trapps  Valley,  Bathurst  Division,  it  was  conven- 
ient to  stop  with  Mr.  G.  W.  Smith  for  the  night.  On  being  asked 
whether  he  had  noticed  any  unusual  insect  injury  the  present  season, 
he  replied  that  the  fruit  moth,  though  not  unusual,  was  doing  very 
serious  damage  to  apples.  We  took  a  lantern  and  proceeded  to  the 
orchard  at  once.  There  were  about  50  trees,  located  along  a  small 
stream,  bearing  a  light  crop  of  fruit.  Numerous  specimens  of  Ser- 
rocles  inara  Cram,  (kindly  determined  by  Mr.  C.  G.  Barrett,  London) 
were  found,  often  from  one  to  five  on  an  apple,  and  scarcely  a  fruit 
could  be  found  that  did  not  show  several  punctures.  The  moths 
showed  no  signs  of  being  disturbed  by  the  presence  of  the  lantern, 
much  less  attracted  to  it.  I  selected  one  specimen  for  study  and  placed 
the  lantern  so  that  every  movement  could  be  observed.  The  proboscis 
had  been  inserted  through  a  very  small  round  opening,  the  moth  very 
contentedly  withdrawing  it  till  the  tip  was  near  the  surface  and  then 
by  moving  the  head  back  and  forth  rapidly  laterally  forced  it  down  full 
length  into  the  pulp  of  the  fruit.  This  was  kept  up  for  some  time.  As 
the  moth  showed  no  signs  of  leaving  or  changing  its  position,  I  pro- 
ceeded to  observe  numerous  others  and  always  with  the  same  result, 
each  one  feeding  quietly  and  continually  withdrawing  and  inserting 
the  proboscis.  Several  times  a  moth  was  seen  to  alight  on  an  apple, 
but  each  time  it  began  feeding  through  one  of  the  several  punctures 
present,  which  it  seemed  to  detect  instantly.  A  few  were  seen 
feeding  through  a  slight  mutilation  or  crack  in  the  fruit.  A  careful 
examination  of  the  proboscis  and  the  punctures  indicated  that  the 
moths  were  quite  capable  of  taking  care  of  themselves.  No  other 
insects  were  observed  on  the  fruit.  The  following  day  not  a  moth 
could  be  seen.  I  examined  the  grass  and  bush  along  the  stream  wit  h- 
out  results.  Soon  after  sundown  they  again  put  in  their  appearance 
and  began  feeding  the  same  as  before,  graduall}'  becoming  more 
numerous.  I  kept  as  many  under  observation  as  possible,  but  they 
showed  no  intention  of  making  fresh  punctures.  One  specimen  was 
finally  selected  and  kept  under  continual  observation.  After  it  had 
been  feeding  for  about  thirty  minutes  it  became  restless  and  then,  as 
if  divining  the  cause  of  my  devotion,  deliberately  moved  about  an 
inch  to  one  side,  placed  the  tip  of  its  proboscis  on  the  surface  of  the 
apple  where  I  could  see  clearly  that  there  was  no  opening,  and  began 
the  same  lateral  motion  of  the  head  as  before.  With  my  hand  lens  I 
could  see  the  two  sections  of  the  proboscis  working  up  and  down,  the 


92 


tips  alternately  striking  the  surface  of  the  fruit  and  gradually  effect- 
ing an  entrance.  No  sooner  was  the  opening  nicely  started  than  the 
moth  quickly  returned  to  the  former  puncture,  as  if  to  say,  "More 
juice  and  less  work." 

This  observation  confirms  the  published  statement  by  C.  G.  Barrett, 
who  records  the  observations  of  his  sister  residing  in  the  colony. 
(Entomologists'  Monthly  Magazine,  June,  1900,  pp.  140-144;  July, 
1900,  p.  1G3;  September,  1900,  pp.  207,  208;  also  Entomologists'  Record 
and  Journal  of  Variation,  July  1,  p.  193,  and  October  15,  p.  2G7  1900; 
Nature,  May  31,  1900,  report  of  meeting  of  Entomological  Society.) 

The  same  moth  was  kept  under  close  observation  from  9  to  11. 30  p.  m. , 
during  which  time  it  did  not  leave  the  puncture,  but  fed  continually. 

The  moths  do  not  make  a  single  straight  channel,  but  force  the 
proboscis  down  at  different  angles,  thus  producing  a  conical  injury 
one-half  inch  or  more  in  altitude,  penetrated  by  numerous  very  fine 
channels.  The  tip  of  the  proboscis  is  black,  very  hard,  finely  pointed, 
and  provided  with  spines,  which  seem  to  serve  the  purpose  of  rasping 
the  pulp  of  the  fruit,  thus  enabling  it  to  be  drawn  up  with  the  exud- 
ing juice.  The  fruit  in  the  vicinity  of  the  puncture  is  very  pliable. 
On  removing  the  surface  la}rer  the  injured  portion  is  seen  to  be  quite 
hollow. 

Apples  do  not  decay  speedily,  but  remain  for  some  time,  the  slight 
decay  perhaps  rendering  them  the  more  readily  detected  by  the  moths. 

While  feeding  the  wings  were  usually  in  a  horizontal  position  and 
motionless.  At  other  times  there  was  a  slight  but  distinct  rapid 
vibration.  In  some  cases  the  wings  were  slightly  elevated,  occasion- 
ally vibrating  as  stated  above. 

On  one  occasion  an  egg  seemed  to  drop  from  the  ovipositor.  I  took 
precautions  to  secure  any  additional  ones,  but  obtained  nothing  but 
small  drops  of  liquid;  found  no  trace  of  the  eggs.  I  dissected  a 
number  of  females,  and  in  one  found  three  light  green  eggs,  ribbed 
very  much  like  those  of  Heliotliis  armiger  Hbn.,  but  flatter  and 
somewhat  larger. 

I  revisited  the  orchard  about  half  an  hour  before  daybreak  and 
found  the  moths  still  abundant  and  feeding  as  contentedly  as  before. 
Just  at  dawn  they  gradually  disappeared.  I  singled  out  four  to  deter- 
mine their  hiding  place.  Touching  two  of  them  with  my  pencil, 
they  flitted  away,  it  being  still  too  dark  to  follow  them.  The  third 
soon  darted  away  toward  the  ground  and  was  out  of  sight.  The 
fourth  remained  some  moments  longer,  but,  unfortunate^,  I  looked 
away  for  an  instant  to  rest  m}r  eyes. 

During  the  following  evening  I  secured  about  30  for  specimens. 
Occasionally  one  would  flit  away,  and  I  could  distinctly  hear  it  strike 
the  ground.  On  lowering  the  lantern  it  was  not  always  easy  to  locate 
them,  their  colors  being  somewhat  protective.  They  made  no  effort  to 
escape  till  again  disturbed,  sometimes  permitting  themselves  to  be 


93 


pushed  into  the  cyanide  bottle  in  an  apparently  lifeless  condition, 
only  trying  to  escape  after  the  cyanide  had  begun  to  affect  them. 

This  species  (Serrodes  inara  Cram.)  was  only  found  on  apples  and 
guavas.  Oranges,  although  ripening  nicely  in  the  same  orchard,  were 
left  untouched.  A  few  specimens  of  three  other  species,  one  of  which 
attacked  oranges,  were  also  observed  on  apples. 

To  determine  whether  or  not  the  moths  could  be  readily  attracted 
to  poisoned  sweets  some  tins  of  jam — strawberry,  apricot,  and  plum — 
were  procured  and  placed  in  some  of  the  trees.  In  others  the  same 
materials  were  spread  on  sheets  of  paper  and  fastened  to  the  branches 
near  the  fruit.  With  one  exception  not  a  moth  paid  any  attention  to 
the  sweets.  One  opecimen  was  seen  on  the  edge  of  the  tin  of  plum 
jam,  but  disappeared  before  I  could  determine  whether  or  not  it  was 
feeding. 

Unless  we  succeed  in  destroying  the  insect  in  some  other  stage  of 
development  the  only  way  to  secure  the  fruit  is  to  apply  netting  whiie 
the  moths  are  abundant. 

NOTES  ON  FOUR  IMPORTED  PESTS. 

By  A.  H.  Kirkland,  Boston,  Mass. 

Up  to  the  present  summer  Massachusetts  has  borne  the  unenviable 
distinction  attaching  to  the  only  State  harboring  the  gypsy  moth 
(Portlietria  dispar  Linn).  She  now  enjoys  whatever  benefit  company 
affords  misery,  for  during  the  present  month  a  colony  of  the  insect 
has  been  found  at  Providence,  R.  I.  The  infestation  in  this  city  is 
scattered  over  at  least  2  square  miles  in  the  residential  district.  The 
first  specimens  were  discovered  August  1  by  an  amateur  naturalist, 
Mr.  Prescott  Newhall,  who  carried  them  to  Mr.  James  M.  Southwick, 
formerly  entomologist  to  the  Rhode  Island  board  of  agriculture.  Mr. 
Southwick  rightly  conjectured  that  they  were  gypsy  moths,  but  to 
settle  the  matter  beyond  doubt,  took  specimens  to  the  office  of  the 
Massachusetts  board  of  agriculture,  where  the  writer  was  able  to 
corroborate  the  identification. 

On  August  2  the  writer  made  an  examination  of  the  colony  and 
found  it  in  the  incipient  stage,  no  trees  being  defoliated.  The  street 
trees  are  quite  generally  infested,  and  it  seems  probable  that  the 
caterpillars  have  spread  from  the  original  centers  of  infestation  by 
dropping  on  teams  and  that  in  this  way  a  large  part  of  the  city  may 
be  infested. 

Few  facts  are  available  at  the  present  writing  to  show  how  the  moth 
found  its  way  to  Providence,  a  distance  of  at  least  35  miles  in  a  direct 
line  from  the  nearest  infested  point  in  Massachusetts.  The  colony 
in  question  does  not  show  the  characteristics  of  a  natural  infestation 
slowly  spreading  from  a  central  point.  Instead,  there  are  several 
isolated  points  where  numerous  hatched  egg  clusters  occur,  none  of 


94 


these  clusters  apparently  being  over  3  or  4  years  old,  thus  showing 
that  there  are  many  centers  of  infestation. 

li  w  as  most  unfortunate  that  the  work  against  the  moth  in  Massa- 
chusetts incurred  the  enmity  of  a  large  number  of  discharged 
employees.  It  was  well  known  to  them  that  the  finding  of  the  moth 
outside  of  Massachusetts  probably  would  cause  the  State  to  abandon 
the  work  of  extermination.  When  the  matter  of  continuing  the  work 
was  being  discussed  in  the  legislature  in  1899,  a  persistent  rumor  was 
in  circulation  to  the  effect  that  the  moth  had  been  "planted  "  in  Rhode 
Island.  Efforts  to  trace  these  rumors  to  their  source  were  not  very 
successful,  all  the  available  clues  being  followed  up  without  tangible 
results.  While  the  occurrence  of  the  moth  in  Providence  may  be  due 
to  some  well-known  means  of  distribution,  in  the  absence  of  facts 
showing  this  to  be  the  case  it  is  hard  to  avoid  the  belief  that  the  moth 
may  have  been  deliberately  carried  to  that  city. 

The  Providence  city  authorities  have  acted  with  commendable 
promptness  in  the  matter,  and  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Southwick 
competent  men  are  at  work  destroying  the  egg  clusters  with  creosote 
oil.  It  is  earnestly  hoped  that  the  fight  against  the  insect  will  be  con- 
tinued in  order  that  its  future  spread  may  be  prevented. 

In  Massachusetts  the  gypsy  moth  has  spread  unchecked  since  the 
cessation  of  the  State  work  against  it,  February  1,  1900.  To  those 
who  had  tried  to  make  this  work  a  success  it  was  gratifying  to  note 
that  in  1900  practically  no  damage  by  the  moth  occurred  throughout 
the  whole  infested  district.  The  former  infestations  had  been  so 
severely  dealt  with  that  comparatively  few  scattered  insects  remained. 
In  some  of  the  larger  infestations,  particularly  in  the  central  towns, 
there  were  enough  moths  to  serve  as  nuclei  for  colonies,  and  the 
present  year  in  restricted,  localities  numbers  of  trees  have  been  defoli- 
ated. The  season  has  been  favorable  to  the  increase  of  the  moth,  and 
at  the  present  date  (August  15)  formidable  numbers  of  the  egg  clus- 
ters may  be  seen  in  all  of  the  central  towns  of  the  infested  district. 
It  seems  probable  that  in  a  few  years  the  insect,  if  unmolested,  will 
be  sufficiently  abundant  to  repeat  the  widespread  damage  caused  in 
1888-1890. 

Already  there  are  indications  that  public  sentiment  is  becoming 
more  favorably  disposed  toward  the  past  work  of  the  gypsy  moth 
committee.  Without  doubt  in  a  few  years  the  increase  and  activity 
of  the  moth  will  again  make  necessary  some  organized  effort  to  reduce 
its  numbers. 

While  the  cessation  of  the  work  against  the  gypsy  moth  seemed 
unwise,  and  was  a  great  disappointment  to  those  familiar  with  it,  yet  it 
is  fortunate  that  out  of  this  work  have  come  accurate  and  effective 
methods  of  dealing  with  the  pest  when  it  again  appears  in  force.  The 
value  of  these  methods  is  well  illustrated  in  the  case  of  the  Provi- 
dence infestation.    Within  a  day  after  the  colony  was  discovered  a 


95 


trained  man,  equipped  with  the  proper  apparatus  and  insecticides, 
was  placed  at  work  destroying  the  egg  clusters,  and  in  a  few  days 
accomplished  more  than  an  amateur  could  have  done  in  as  many 
weeks. 

While  not  as  important  in  its  injury  to  trees  as  the  gypsy  moth, 
few  insects  have  created  a  greater  local  commotion  than  the  brown- 
tail  moth  (Euproctis  clirysorrhoea  Linn.)  in  Boston  and  its  suburbs 
the  present  summer.  The  caterpillars  were  sufficiently  numerous  to 
strip  shade  and  fruit  trees  in  many  residential  localities;  pear  trees 
suffering  to  the  greatest  extent,  with  apple,  cherry,  plum,  and  willow 
following  in  about  the  order  named. 

As  is  generally  known,  the  hairs  of  the  brown-tail  moth  caterpillar 
coming  in  contact  with  the  human  flesh  produce  a  fierce  and  endur- 
ing irritation.  As  the  caterpillars  matured  and  commenced  to 
migrate  in  search  of  shelter,  large  numbers  of  children  and  many 
adults  were  severely  "poisoned"  by  them.  So  numerous  were  com- 
plaints from  this  source,  and  so  prevalent  was  the  belief  that  a  new 
epidemic  disease  had  appeared,  that  the  Boston  board  of  health  gave 
a  public  hearing  on  the  subject.  At  this  hearing  it  was  explained 
that  the  so-called  epidemic  was  due  to  the  caterpillar  hairs,  and  that 
by  the  destruction  of  the  winter  webs  which  shelter  the  hibernating 
insects,  future  annoyance  could  be  prevented.  As  has  been  deter- 
mined by  Mr.  F.  J.  Smith,  former  chemist  to  the  gypsy  moth  com- 
mittee, the  irritation  caused  by  the  caterpillars  is  probably  of  a 
mechanical  nature  and  not  due  to  any  poisonous  principle  contained 
in  the  hairs.  The  hairs  are  barbed  and  very  brittle,  and  when  once 
lodged  in  the  skin  are  easily  broken,  and  require  several  weeks  for 
their  expulsion. 

It  has  not  been  possible  to  continue  following  accurately  the  spread 
of  this  insect,  but  it  is  now  known  to  occur  in  Brockton  and  in  Hud- 
son, Mass.,  and  probably  it  has  established  itself  throughout  the  ter- 
ritory lying  between  these  localities  and  the  known  infested  region, 
making  a  total  infested  area  of  over  1,200  square  miles.  More  or  less 
work  has  been  done  against  this  insect  by  local  park  and  street  boards, 
and  where  this  has  been  carried  on  along  approved  lines  the  results 
have  been  very  satisfactory. 

It  is  noticeable  that  the  moth  is  strongly  attracted  to  lights,  and 
hence  the  greatest  infestation  is  usually  where  street  lights  are  most 
numerous.  The  little  European  parasite,  Diglochis  omnivorous 
Walker,  is  very  effective  in  destroying  the  pupa?,  but  its  services 
have  not  been  sufficient  to  restrict  the  increase  of  the  moth. 

Taking  Massachusetts  as  a  whole,  the  most  general  damage  by  any 
insect  pest  the  past  season  has  been  that  by  the  elm-leaf  beetle 
(Galerucella  luteola  Muell.).  This  insect  has  now  become  established 
in  nearly  all  of  our  cities  and  larger  towns,  and  has  finally  invaded 
Boston,  where  it  threatens  to  cause  serious  damage.    It  is  noticeable 


96 


that  the  spread  of  the  insect  has  been  chiefly  along  water  courses  and 
to  a  less  extent  along  the  main  lines  of  railway. 

The  severe  injury  by  the  beetle  in  the  larger  cities  of  the  Connecti- 
cut Valley  several  years  ago  led  to  the  introduction  of  municipal 
spraying  operations.  The  original  methods  of  work  have  been  im- 
proved until  they  are  now  very  effective.  The  chief  reliance  is  placed 
upon  a  thorough  spraying  with  some  form  of  arsenate  of  lead  as  soon 
as  the  foliage  develops.  It  has  been  found  most  practical  in  large 
operations  to  use  several  powerful  hand  outfits,  carrying  two  lines  of 
hose,  rather  than  to  employ  one  or  two  steam  outfits.  The  greater 
number  of  outfits  permits  the  thorough  treatment  of  the  trees  in  an 
entire  city  as  soon  as  the  foliage  has  developed,  and  thus  the  beetle 
is  not  permitted  to  damage  the  trees  in  one  part  of  a  city  while 
spraying  is  being  carried  on  in  another  section.  The  work  of  the 
Springfield  city  forester,  William  F.  Gale,  has  been  particularly  well 
carried  out,  and  has  served  as  a  model  for  similar  operations  in  other 
municipalities. 

While  the  beetle,  as  a  rule,  has  but  a  single  brood  throughout  the 
State,  a  well-defined  second  brood  occurs  on  Cape  Cod  and  a  partial 
second  brood  in  the  Connecticut  Valley.  In  neither  locality  has  this 
latter  brood  caused  damage  worthy  of  note. 

Willows  and  poplars  throughout  the  State  are  becoming  more  and 
more  subject  to  attack  by  the  imported  weevil  (Cryptorliynchus 
lapathi  Linn.).  This  insect  seems  also  to  have  followed  the  water 
courses  while  spreading  through  the  State,  although  the  transporta- 
tion of  nurseiy  stock  is  responsible  for  a  large  part  of  its  journeyings. 
Nearty  all  our  nurseries  are  more  or  less  infested  with  this  weevil, 
whose  life  history  the  writer  has  worked  out  in  detail.  Late  in  the 
summer,  after  feeding  for  some  weeks  on  the  petioles  and  young  shoots, 
the  beetles  drill  small  holes  into  the  bark  beneath  leaf  scars  or  other 
irregularities  and  in  them  deposit  the  eggs  singly.  The  holes  are 
then  carefully  filled  with  bark  dust.  The  eggs  hatch  in  a  short  time, 
and  the  young  grubs  feed  in  the  bark  for  a  few  weeks  and  then  enter 
hibernation.  At  this  time  the  grubs  may  be  detected  easily,  as  their 
presence  is  revealed  by  the  black  outlines  of  their  burrows,  which  are 
plainly  visible  on  the  bark.  With  the  advent  of  spring  the  weevil 
enters  the  sapwood  and  grows  rapidly  to  maturity.  When  full  grown 
the  grub  returns  down  the  burrow,  enlarging  it  to  a  uniform  diameter, 
then  ascends  to  the  upper  end,  prepares  a  tight  chamber,  and  trans- 
forms. The  beetles  commence  to  emerge  in  June.  There  is  quite  a 
variation  in  the  time  of  emergence,  those  insects  breeding  in  young- 
shoots  emerging  first,  while  those  feeding  in  the  older  wood  appar- 
ently require  a  longer  time  for  their  development.  While  the  insects 
as  a  rule  hibernate  as  young  larvre,  individuals  in  all  stages  of  growth 
are  sometimes  found  in  winter  in  the  heartwood  of  old  trees. 

In  Germany  this  weevil  is  known  chiefly  as  a  pest  of  the  basket  willow 


97 


and  alder.  In  Massachusetts  we  have  noticed  it  more  particularly  as 
destroying  ornamental  poplars  and  willows.  There  are  many  locali- 
ties, particularly  along  our  coast,  where  cottagers  are  dependent 
almost  entirely  for  shade  upon  the  Balm  of  Gilead  poplar  and  one  or 
two  species  of  willow.  These  trees,  brittle  at  their  best,  when  rid- 
dled by  burrows  of  the  weevil  become  easy  victims  of  ice  storms. 

The  remedial  measures  most  in  favor  are  the  destruction  of  the 
grubs  by  hand  in  the  fall  or  winter.  Where  a  tree  is  badly  infested 
it  is  hardly  worth  while  to  attempt  to  preserve  it.  Such  trees  should 
be  cut  and  burned,  and  in  their  places  should  be  planted  the  silver 
maple,  three-thorned  acacia,  or  other  species,  that  thrive  in  damp 
localities. 

DROUGHT,  HEAT,  AND  INSECT  LIFE. 

By  Mary  E.  Murtfeldt,  Kirkivood,  Mo. 

Probably  few  localities  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  have  suffered  so 
greatly  from  prevailing  atmospheric  conditions  as  has  the  suburb  of 
Kirkwood  during  the  present  summer.  Following  an  unusually  dry 
spring  there  has  been  no  appreciable  rainfall  since  a  brief,  but  heavy, 
shower  on  the  12th  of  June.  Even  of  the  two  or  three  light  showers 
that  visited  our  city  (St.  Louis),  but  a  few  miles  distant,  scarcely  a 
drop,  or  but  a  mere  sprinkle,  extended  to  Kirkwood.  For  many  suc- 
cessive days  the  mercury  ranged  from  100°  to  110°  in  the  shade,  and 
for  only  about  six  days  since  the  middle  of  June  has  the  maximum 
temperature  fallen  below  90°. 

Under  such  conditions  it  would  seem  inevitable  that  insect  life  must 
be  much  affected.  My  personal  observations,  although  extending  over 
a  very  limited  area,  indicate  that  this  is  the  case.  Early  in  the  spring 
Aphididre  of  many  species  and  in  incomputable  numbers  occurred  on 
grain  and  all  varieties  of  fruit  trees  and  threatened  destruction  to 
many  choice  ornamental  shrubs.  These  insects  would  naturally  be 
reduced  as  the  season  progressed,  but  usually  some  estiva  ting  indi- 
viduals or  forms  can  be  found  by  the  close  observer.  At  present, 
however,  the  most  careful  examination  fails  to  reveal  evidence  of  any 
persisting  species. 

Cutworms,  which  were  very  destructive  upon  early  vegetables  in 
spring,  find  now  no  cultivated  plants  and  no  succulent  weeds  upon 
which  to  feed,  nor  have  any  species  of  the  moths  been  noted  for  many 
weeks.  The  "corn  ear- worm"  or  "tomato  fruit-worm"  of  this  region 
(Heliothis  armiger)  does  not  find  for  miles  around  either  of  these 
plants  for  its  sustenance  and  can  not,  it  seems  to  me,  fail  to  be  so 
reduced  in  numbers  as  to  be  practically  innoxious  for  at  least  one  or 
two  succeeding  seasons. 

Curculio  and  codling  moth,  following  a  season  in  which  both  stone 
and  pip  fruits  were  practically  a  failure  hereabout,  are  scarcely  at  all 
in  evidence  in  the  dwarfed  and  flavorless  apples,  pears,  and  peaches 

11823— No.  31—01  7 


98 


that  still  cling  to  the  trees  or  have  already  dropped  to  the  hard  and 
heated  earth. 

A  large  prime  tree  on  the  grounds  of  the  writer  which  has  been  in 
bearing  for  eight  or  ten  years,  but  which  is  such  a  bait  for  Con- 
otrachdus  rvenujjhar  that  Ave  have  seldom  been  able  to  obtain  a  per- 
fect fruit,  yielded  recently  quite  a  crop  of  undersized  but  not  wormy 
pr unes.  As  entomologists  all  know,  the  pupa?  of  many  moths  and 
beetles  require  a  certain  amount  of  moisture  to  enable  them  to  emerge 
from  the  ground,  beneath  which  their  transformation  takes  place,  and 
to  expand  their  wings.  It  would  seem  as  though  the  midsummer 
broods  had  not  been  able  to  do  this,  as  the  strongest  lights  have  for 
weeks  failed  to  attract  any  Noctuids,  Geometers,  or  Bombycids,  and 
scarcely  any  leaf -feeding  beetles  are  to  be  found  even  on  such  vege- 
tation as  is  still  green.  Incidental^'  it  may  be  said  that  for  the  stu- 
dent of  the  life  histories  of  insects  this  is  the  most  disappointing  sum- 
mer on  record,  but  what  its  influence  may  be  upon  many  well-known 
forms  is  a  matter  of  not  a  little  economic  interest. 

The  horsefly,  very  numerous  and  annoying  to  cattle  during  May 
and  June,  entirely  disappeared  some  weeks  since,  the  manure  drying 
out  too  rapidly  to  afford  the  larvae  time  to  develop.  Even  the  house 
fly  and  other  annoying  Muscida;  are  comparatively  few  in  number. 

At  this  writing  in  this  immediate  locality  almost  the  only  grass- 
hoppers to  be  seen  in  meadows  and  pastures  are  in  a  very  immature 
condition,  and  few  in  number.  The  chorus  of  other  orthopterous 
species,  usually  so  full  and  obtrusive  during  the  evening  hours  at 
this  season  of  the  year,  is  very  thin  and  interrupted.  Occasionally 
one  can  distinguish  the  soft  whirring  of  an  Orchilimum  or  Xiphidium, 
and,  at  remote  distances  and  intervals,  the  ear-splitting  shrill  of  the 
"cone  head." 

The  true  katydid  does  not  this  year  interrupt  conversation  in  the 
evenings  on  the  lawn  or  piazza  with  its  hoarse  iterations,  neither  does 
the  angular- winged  form  with  its  noisj'  rattle.  Butterflies  have  dis- 
appeared with  the  flowers  from  our  gardens,  and  bees  are  consuming 
the  stores  accummulated  for  winter  use.  But  insects,  especially  the 
obnoxious  kinds,  have  great  and  inexplicable  powers  of  adaptation 
and  endurance,  and  there  is  much  interest  attaching  to  the  problem  of 
their  survival  and  multiplication  under  present  adverse  conditions. 

It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  there  are  a  few  species  that  seem  to 
revel  in  the  heat  and  arid  it  y.  Among  these  are  the  ants,  large  and 
small.  With  no  showers  to  inundate  their  galleries  and  temporarilj' 
arrest  their  activities  the}'  have  increased  beyond  computation,  and 
have  become  an  almost  insupportable  nuisance  about  dwellings.  The 
black  crickets  also  seem  to  have  found  in  the  heat  and  drought  of 
the  present  summer  circumstances  exactly  suited  to  their  enjoyment 
and  multiplication.  Their  shrill  chirpings  on  field  and  lawn  and 
about  our  dwellings  replace  the  notes  of  arboreal  insects  and  indicate 
their  presence  in  very  unusual  numbers. 


99 


Still  another  insect  that  seems  to  find  the  heat  and  drought  of  the 
present  season  most  congenial  and  favorable  for  its  multiplication 
and  enjoyment  is  that  household  pest  the  "silver  fish"  (Lepisma 
domestica  Pack.).  Everywhere  among  books  and  papers,  on  closet 
shelves,  between  piled  dishes,  on  all  folded  clothing  and  curtains 
containing  starch  the  little  nuisances,  large  and  small,  maybe  seen 
darting  to  cover  upon  the  slightest  disturbance,  and  in  many  cases 
the  damage  done  is  very  serious,  especially  to  costly  books,  collections 
of  pictures,  and  to  lace  curtains.  The  only  resource  of  the  house- 
keeper has  been  to  dust  pyrethrum  powder  profusely  over  her  books 
and  unframed  pictures,  to  remove  all  ornamental  papers  from  the 
shelves  of  china  closets  and  sideboards,  and  to  frequently  examine 
and  shake  out  draperies  and  clothing  liable  to  attack. 

There  are  a  few  other  species  that  have  for  brief  periods  proved 
troublesome,  but  those  noted  are  the  most  prominent  and  irrepressible. 

AY  hat  the  effects  of  the  unusual  season  will  be  upon  field-crop  pests 
remains  to  be  ascertained.  Earlier  in  the  season  chinch  bug,  Hessian 
fly,  and  grain-feeding  Aphididse  were  very  prevalent  and  destructive 
in  Missouri  and  adjoining  States,  and  it  can  only  be  learned  by  the 
starting  of  fall  crops  in  what  numbers  these  have  survived.  It  is  to 
be  hoped,  and  may  reasonably  be  expected,  however,  that  the  great 
losses  in  almost  all  crops  will  be,  in  some  measure,  compensated  by  a 
marked  reduction  in  the  number  of  destructive  insects. 


The  secretary  read  several  letters  from  absent  members  expressing 
regrets  at  not  being  able  to  attend  the  meeting,  including  a  letter 
from  Secretary  A.  L.  Quaintance,  who  was  detained  on  account  of 
pressing  work,  and  also  a  letter  from  Director  William  Trelease,  of 
the  Missouri  Botanic  Gardens,  cordially  inviting  the  Association  to 
hold  its  meeting  of  1903  in  St.  Louis  during  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exposition. 

The  committee  on  nomination  proposed  the  following  officers  for 
the  ensuing  year: 

President,  A.  D.  Hopkins,  Morgantown,  W.  Va. 

First  vice-president,  E.  P.  Felt,  Albany,  X.  Y. 

Second  vice-president,  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell,  East  Las  Vegas,  X.  Mex. 

Secretary,  A.  L.  Quaintance,  College  Park,  Md. 

The  report  of  the  committee  was  accepted  and  the  above-named 
officers  elected. 

The  committee  on  resolutions  made  the  following  report,  which  was 
accepted  and  adopted : 

Resolved,  That  this  Association,  at  its  first  meeting  since  the  death  of  Dr.  Otto 
Lugger  last  May ,  desires  to  place  upon  record  its  deep  regret  at  the  loss  it  has  sus- 
tained by  his  untimely  removal.  Economic  entomology  has  been  deprived  of  an 
able  exponent,  and  the  members  of  this  association  feel  also  that  they  have  per- 
sonally to  lament  a  true  and  warm-hearted  friend.    Dr.  Lugger  has  long  been 


100 


identified  with  economic  entomology  in  this  country,  and  aside  from  his  scientific 
ability  he  was  a  man  of  admirable  qualities  and  wide  information. 

Resolved,  That  the  Association  of  Economic  Entomologists  desires  also  to  express 
its  sense  of  loss  through  the  death  of  Miss  E.  A.  Ormerod,  of  England.  Long  before 
this  body  came  into  existence,  at  a  time  when  economic  entomology  was  ignored 
in  England,  Miss  Ormerod  took  up  the  study  of  injurious  insects,  and  publisher 
numerous  valuable  reports  directing  the  farmers  how  to  recognize  and  deal  with 
their  insect  foes.  She  not  only  did  this  for  England,  but  extended  her  researches 
through  the  aid  of  correspondents  to  the  colonies,  and  always  took  a  lively  interest 
in  the  work  done  in  America.  As  an  example  of  private  initiative  and  unselfish 
devotion  to  the  public  interest  Miss  Ormerod's  work  deserves  to  rank  with  that  of 
Lawes  and  Gilbert  at  Rothamstead. 

Resolved,  That  we  request  the  Honorable  Secretary  of  Agriculture  to  publish 
the  proceedings  of  this  meeting,  and  that  we  express  to  him  our  hearty  apprecia- 
tion of  such  action  in  previous  years. 

Resolved,  That  we  express  our  thanks  to  the  officials  of  the  Denver  High  School, 
to  the  people  of  Denver  and  the  local  committee  of  the  American  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science,  to  the  Association,  and  to  the  local  press  for  courte- 
sies extended. 

A.  D.  Hopkins, 
W.  H.  Ashmead, 
E.  D.  Ball, 

Committee. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Felt  it  was  voted  to  hold  the  next  annual  meeting 
at  the  same  place  with  the  next  annual  meeting  of  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  on  the  last  week  day 
preceding  and  the  first  week  day  of  the  meeting  of  that  Association, 
which  will  be  held  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  June  28-July  3. 

Adjourned. 

A.  L.  QUAINTANCE,  Secretary. 


LIST  OF  THE  MEMBERS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION  OF  ECONOMIC 
ENTOMOLOGISTS. 

ACTIVE  MEMBERS. 

Adams,  M.  F..  City  Bank  Building,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Aldrich,  J.  M.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Moscow.  Idaho. 
Alwood,  William  B..  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Blacksburg,  Va. 
Ashmead.  William  H.,  U.  S.  National  Museum.  Washington,  D.  C. 
Baker,  C.  F..  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Ball,  E.  D.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Fort  Collins.  Colo. 
Banks,  C.  S.,  Capitol  Building,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Banks,  Nathan,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Washington.  D.  C. 
Barrows,  W.  B.,  Agricultural  College.  Mich, 
Beckwith,  H.  M.,  Elmira.  X.  Y. 

Benton,  Frank,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Bethune,  C.  J.  S.,  500  Duu°erm  avenue.  London,  Ontario. 
Bogue,  E.  E.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Britton,  W.  E.,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Bruner,  Lawrence,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Lincoln,  Nebr. 
Bullard,  W.  S..  301  Lafayette  street,  Bridgeport,  Conn. 
Burgess,  Albert  F.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Wooster,  Ohio. 
Busck,  August,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Campbell,  J.  P.,  Athens,  Ga. 

Caudell,  A.  N.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Washington,  D.  C. 
Chambliss,  C.  E..  Clemson  College.  S.  C. 

Chittenden,  F.  H..  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Clifton,  Richard  S.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Washington,  D.  C. 

Cockerell.  T.  D.  A.,  East  Las  Vegas.  N.  Mex. 

Collins,  Lewis,  177  Remsen  street,  Brooklyn.  N.  Y. 

Comstock.  J.  H.,  Cornell  University.  Ithaca.  N.  Y. 

Cook.  A.  J.,  Pomona  College,  Claremont,  Cal. 

Cooley,  R.  A.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Bozeman.  Mont. 

Coquillett.  D.  W.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Cordley,  A.  B.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Corvallis.  Oreg. 

Doran,  E.  W.,  Normal  School.  Clinton.  Mo. 

Ehrhorn.  E.  M..  Mountainview,  Cal. 

Felt.  Ephraim  P.,  Capitol  Building.  Albany.  N.  Y. 

Fernald,  C.  H.,  Agricultural  College,  Amherst,  Mass. 

Fernald,  H.  T.,  Agricultural  College.  Amherst.  Mass. 

Fiske,  W.  F.,  State  Capitol,  Atlanta.  Ga. 

Fletcher,  James,  Central  Experimental  Farm,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Forbes,  S.  A.,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 

Forbush,  E.  H.,  13  Stanwood  Hall,  Maiden.  Mass. 

Fowler.  Carroll.  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Berkeley,  Cal. 

Frost,  H.  L.,  21  South  Market  street,  Boston,  Mass. 

Garman,  H.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Lexington,  Ky. 

Gibson,  Arthur,  Central  Experimental  Farm,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Gifford,  John,  Mays  Landing.  N.  J. 

Gillette.  C.  P.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Fort  Collins,  Colo. 
Gossard,  H.  A..  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Lake  City,  Fla. 
jJ-ould,  H.  P.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Hargitt,  C.  W.,  Syracuse  University,  Syracuse,  X.  Y. 
Harrington,  W.  H.,  Post-Office  Department,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

101 


102 


Hart,  C.  A.,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 
Hillnian.  F.  H.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Reno,  Nev. 
Hine,  J.  S.,  Ohio  State  University,  Columbus.  Ohio. 
Holland,  Dr.  W.  J.,  Pittsburg.  Pa. 

Hopkins,  A.  D.t  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Morgantown,  W.  Va. 
Howard,  L.  O.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Hudson,  G.  H..  Normal  and  Training  School,  Plattsburg,  N.  Y. 
Hunter,  W.  D.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Hunter,  S.  J.,  University  of  Kansas,  Lawrence,  Kans. 
Johnson,  W.  G.,  52  Lafayette  Place,  N.  Y.  City. 
Kellogg,  Vernon  L.,  Stanford  University,  California. 
Kincaid,  Trevor,  University  of  Washington,  Seattle,  Wash. 
King,  George  B.,  Lawrence,  Mass. 
Kirkland,  A.  H.,  Maiden,  Mass. 

Lowe.  V.  H.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Geneva.  N.  Y. 

McCarthy,  Gerald,  care  of  Crop  Pest  Commission,  Raleigh,  N.  C. 

Mann,  B.  P.,  1918  Sunderland  Place,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Marlatt,  C.  L.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Morgan,  H.  A.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Baton  Rouge,  La. 

Mosher,  F.  H.,  283  Pleasant  street,  Maiden,  Mass. 

Murtfeldt,  Miss  M.  E.,  Kirkwood,  Mo. 

Newell.  Wilmon,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Wooster,  Ohio. 
Niswander,  F.  J.,  2121  Evans  street,  Cheyenne,  Wyo. 
Osborn,  Herbert,  Ohio  State  University,  Columbus,  Ohio. 
Packard.  A.  S.,  115  Angell  street,  Providence,  R.  I. 
Palmer,  R.  M.,  Victoria,  British  Columbia. 

Pergande,  Th.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Perkins,  G.  H.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Burlington,  Vt. 

Pettit,  R.  H.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Agricultural  College,  Mich. 

Phillips,  J.  L.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Blacksburg,  Va. 

Popenoe,  E.  A.,  303  Fillmore  street,  Topeka,  Kans. 

Quaintance,  A.  L.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  College  Park,  Md. 

Rane,  F.  W.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Durham,  N.  H. 

Reed,  E.  B.,  Esriuimault,  British  Columbia. 

Rolfs,  P.  H.,  Miami,  Fla. 

Rumsey,  W.  E.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Morgantown,  W.  Va. 
Sanderson,  E.  D wight,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Newark,  Del. 
Saunders,  William,  Dundas  street,  London,  Ontario. 
Schwarz,  E.  A.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Scott,  W.  M. ,  Capitol  Building,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

Sherman,  Franklin,  jr.,  care  of  Crop  Pest  Commission,  Raleigh,  N.  C. 
Simpson,  C.  B.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Sirrine,  F.  A.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Jamaica,  N.  Y. 
Skinner,  Henry,  719  North  Twentieth  street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Slingerland,  M.  V..  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
Smith,  J.  B.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J, 
Snow,  F.  H.,  University  of  Kansas,  Lawrence,  Kans. 
Southwick,  E.  B.,  Arsenal  Building,  Central  Park,  New  York,  N.  Y, 
Southwick,  J.  A..  Providence,  R.  I. 

Stedman,  J.  M.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Columbia,  Mo. 
Stimson,  James,  Watsonville,  Cal. 

Summers,  H.  E.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Ames,  Iowa. 
Test,  F.  C,  4018  Indiana  avenue,  Chicago,  111. 
Thaxter,  Roland,  3  Scott  street,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Tourney,  J.  W.,  Yale  Forest  School,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Townsend,  C.  H.  T.,  U.  S.  Custom-House,  El  Paso,  Tex. 


103 


Walker,  C.  M.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Amherst,  Mass. 
Washburn,  F.  L.,  University  of  Oregon,  Eugene,  Oreg. 
Webster,  F.  M.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Wooster,  Ohio. 
Weed,  C.  M.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  Durham,  N.  H. 
Weed,  H.  E.,  Griffin,  Ga. 

Wilcox,  E.  V.,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Woodworth,  C.  W.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Berkeley.  Cal. 

FOREIGN  MEMBERS. 
Barlow,  Edw.,  Calcutta,  India. 

Berlese,  Dr.  Antonio,  R.  Scuola  Superiore  di  Agricoltura,  Portici,  Italy. 

Bordage,  Edmond,  Directeur  de  Musee,  St.  Denis,  Reunion. 

Bos,  Dr.  J.  Ritzema,  Willie  Commelin  Scholten,  Amsterdam,  Netherlands. 

Carpenter,  Prof.  George  H.,  Science  and  Art  Museum,  Dublin,  Ireland. 

Cholodkowsky,  Prof.  Dr.  N.,  Institut  Forestier,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia. 
1  Cotes,  E.  C,  201  Iffley  road,  Oxford,  England. 

Danysz.  J.,  Laboratoire  de  Parasitologic,  Bourse  de  Commerce.  Paris,  France. 

Enock,  Fred.,  13  Tufnell  Park  road,  Holloway,  London,  N.,  England. 

French,  Charles,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Melbourne,  Australia. 

Froggatt,  W.  W.,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

Fuller,  Claude,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Pietermaritzburg,  Natal,  South 
Africa. 

Giard,  A.,  14  Rue  Stanislaus.  Paris,  France. 

Goding,  F.  W.,  Newcastle,  New  South  Wales. 

Grasby,  W.  C,  Grenfell  street,  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 

Green,  E.  E.,  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Punduloya,  Ceylon. 

Helms,  Richard,  136  George  street,  North  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

Horvath,  Dr.  G.,  Musee  Nationale  Hongroise,  Budapest,  Austria-Hungary. 

Lampa,  Prof.  Sven,  Statens  Entomologiska  Anstalt,  Albano,  Stockholm,  Sweden. 

Lea,  A.  M.,  Department  of  Agriculture.  Hobart.  Tasmania. 

Leonardi,  Gustavo,  Portici.  Italy. 

Lindeman,  Dr.  K.,  Landwirthschaftliche  Akademie,  Moscow,  Russia. 
Lounsbury,  Charles  P.,  Department  of  Agriculture.  Cape  Town,  South  Africa. 
Mally,  C.  W..  Department  of  Agriculture,  Cape  Town,  South  Africa. 
Marchal,  Dr.  Paul,  16  Rue  Claude  Bernard,  Paris,  France. 

Musson,  Charles  T.,  Hawkesbury  Agricultural  College,  Richmond,  New  South 
Wales. 

Newstead,  Robert,  Grosvenor  Museum,  Chester,  England. 
Ormerod,  Miss  Eleanor  A.,1  Torrington  House,  St.  Albans,  England. 
Porchinski,  Prof.  A.,  Ministere  de  l'Agriculture,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia. 
Reed,  E.  C,  Rancagua,  Chile. 

Reuter,  Dr.  Enzio,  Fredriksgatan  45,  Helsingfors,  Finland,  Russia. 

Sajo,  Prof.  Charles,  Godollo-Veresegyhaz,  Austria-Hungary. 

Schoyen,  Prof.  W.  M.,  Zoological  Museum,  Christiania,  Norway. 

Shipley,  Prof.  Arthur  E..  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  England. 

Targioni-Tozzetti,  Prof.  A.,  R.  Staz.  d.  Entom.  Agrar,  Florence,  Italy. 

Tepper,  J.  G.  O.,  Norwood,  South  Australia. 

Theobald,  Frederick  B.,  Wyecourt,  County  Kent,  England. 

Thompson,  Rev.  Edward  H.,  Franklin.  Tasmania. 

Tryon,  H.,  Queensland  Museum,  Brisbane,  Queensland,  Australia. 

Urich,  F.  W.,  Victoria  Institute,  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad,  West  Indies. 

Vermorel.  V.,  Villefranche,  Rhone,  France. 

Whitehead,  Charles,  Barming  House,  Maidstone,  Kent,  England. 

1  Deceased. 


o 


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